Portage+Northern+GS+-+Aakash+Gupta+&+Sanjay+Sharma+neg

Portage Northern GS – Negative

SPENDING DA---



More assistance cracks the budget Susan Rice, Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institute, "Africa's Strategic Importance to the US" Speech at Reed College, 3-20-2006 (http://www.aspr.ac.at/saWSusanR ice.pdf) Discerning and a rat-hole?"

This shocks the economy Patrice Hill, Washington Times, 4-23-2007 Congress will have to steer " for the economy, he said.

Goes global Charles Stein, Business Columnist for the Globe, Boston Globe, March 31, 2k2, Lexis A coincidence? No . And growing.

Extinction T Bearden Director Association Distinguished American Scientists seaspower.com/EnergyCrisis -Bearden.htm 2k History bears out that , at least for many decades.

LOST DA---





PSI membership requires ratification Inside the Navy, 9-3-2007 Capt. Patrick Neheer, the director and accepts the treaty, he said

PSI key to solve global prolif Mark Shulman, 06, www.strategicstudiesinstitute .army.mil/pdffiles/PUB652.pdf Weapons of mass destruction and prohibits the proliferation of WMD

Common 2NC Ev:

LOS no tech transfers Taft IV, 2004, FDCH, 5-12 No technology transfers and its security

No tech transfer Moore 2005, 9-22, J. of Int'l Affairs The mandatory technology and fail to adhere

LOS key US economy Sandalow 04, www.brookings.edu/comm/policybr iefs/pb137.htm The U.S. economy depends and Convention's rules

Key to continental shelf Sandalow Under the Convention, coastal and Australia and Brazil

Revenue sharing doesn't hurt the US Sandalow Some opponents of ratification and serves U.S. interests

Doesn't hurt sovereignty Negroponte, 9-28, hearing Joining the Convention and commercial vessels

Fish extinctions on brink Kunich 2005, Columbia J. of Envt'l Law, 30 Colum. J. Envtl. L. 1 What evidence can we glean and even more precipitous

Ratification key to solve Talhelm 00, 25 N.C.J. Int'l L. & Com. Reg. 381 Overfishing is a tremendous and to the agreement

Billions at risk LAT, 11-26-06 Much is at stake and sea life of oxygen

Diner

SQ Causes inevitable arctic conflicts, LOST key, turns Russia Oregon statesman, 9-10 In 1982, the UN Convention and consumption and conflict

Huge risk of escalation Security Innovator, 8-23 Huebert explained that he'd and start to harden

No negative effect on PSI Yann-Huei Song, Ocean Dev. And INt'l Law, v. 38, iss. 1 and 2, Jan 2007 However, officials from the U.S. Navy and implementation of the Initiative

UNCLOS increases non-prolif cred Song This article concludes that and or not

UNCLOS helps PSI Mullen, 5-12-04, FDCH We are also laying and customary international law

UNCLOS doesn't hurt PSI Moore 9-22-05, J. of Int'l Affairs Myth: The convention is and not harm the PSI

UNCLOS doesn't all UN takeover Moore Critics also argue and U.S. troops in Haiti

More Moore Myth: the convention and national jurisdiction

Doesn't effect naval mobility Walsh, 9-27-07, FNS Admiral Walsh, would you agree that there's no portion and consistent on this point

US only party that constrains Negroponte, 9-28, Testimony No international tribunal and military activity

Can't stop military interdiction Negroponte The Tribunal has and U.S. military

CANADA DA---

A. Uniqueness 1. Canada is currently the world leader on aid to Africa – their edge relative to other G8 nations is barely "good-enough" to uphold their obsession with being perceived as a leader. Black '05 (David, of the Canadian Institute of International Affairs – Beyond The Headlines – March 22nd – lexis) Three years ago, in leadership claims.

2. International Negotiations are under way for a new conventional weapons treaty – 2008 will be the key year. Press Trust of India '06 (December 7, 2006 – lexis) "The Secretary-General This will be considered by the Assembly's sixty-third session, which opens in September 2008.

3. Issue-specific uniqueness – The treaty will likely pass Regehr '06 (Ernie Regehr – founder of Project Ploughshares, a peace-building agency in Canada – as quoted in The Record – October 28th – lexis) The peace movement be another victory.

B. Link -- Plan increases US aid. This hurts Canada's Soft Power by eroding their distinctiveness relative to the US, and decreasing their edge in the vital area of development. Rath '04 (Amitav Rath is a director at Policy Research International in Ottawa, specializing in science and technology policy, innovation, and energy and environment -- International Journal -- Oct 1st – lexis) We live in a complex neighbour and to acquire a large measure of "soft power" relevant in dealing with the US.

Soft power key to Canadian foreign policy – losing soft power in one area spills-over to unrelated objectives. Grayson '06 (Dr Kyle Grayson -- Lecturer in International Politics @ Newcastle University --International Journal -- Spring 2006 – lexis) Canada is a country that relies style and goals.

C. Impact -- CWC

Canada's soft power contacts are vital to multilateral progress on the trade of conventional weapons.

The Treaty would solve and save many lives. Common standards would check small arms – these kill far more people per year than WMD. The Guardian '06 (Oct 28th -- http://www.guardian.co.uk /armstrade/story/0,,1933807,00 .html) British officials said arms trade treaty for several years now."

Representations K Representations of conflict and suffering solidfy a dehumanizing frame of policy making towards Africa. Focus onhyperbolic imagery ensures a relationship based on dependency and exploitation- the result is a continent invisible to the public.

James Wallace, 2005 (hollerafrica.com/ShowArticle .php?artId=101&catId=1

When we think… the ideology of the dominant forces

Negative imaging has been at the root of history's worst atrocities- positing US aid as necessary normalizes violence and stiprs entire peoples of their dignity

Rotimi Sankore 2005 (http://www.bond.org.uk/netowrke r/2005/april05/opinion.htm

For decades, development.. define their future.

Reject the 1ac's negative, sensationalized representatiosn of Sub-Saharan Africa in favor of positive representations.

This representational focus produces a full, proper counter-image of Africa

Daniel Mezzana, 2005 ("A cancerous Image", http://www.africansocieites .org/n4/eng/Dossier.htm)

The literature reported… occurring in the continent.

China DA: A. There's A window for collaboration in Africa. Public health assistance jumps out in front of consensus building and crushes collaboration—causing US-Sino Conflict

Gill, 2007 (Bates, "China's Expanding Role in Africa: Implications for the United States", A Report of the CSIS Delegation to China on China-Africa-US Relations, January, http://www.csis.org/media/csis /ubs/chinainafrica.pdf)

First and most importantly… workforce shortages better.

B.US involvement in sub-Saharan Africa causes China perception of oil competition – causes political tension and escalates to war

Peter Hatemi 2007 ("Oil and Conflict in Sino American Relations", Chian Security, Summer, Volume 3, Number 3)

As China's petroleum... serious geo-strategic conflict.

C. Nuclear Holocaust

Johnson, 5-14-01 (Chalmers, "Time to Bring the Troops Home," The Nation, Volume 272)

China is another matter… virtually no deterrent effect