Bronx+Science+BG+-+Francisco+Bencosme+&+Kristina+Gunnarsdottir+neg


 Africom put US-China relations on the brink-the plan's health assistance will confirm suspicions of a broad anti-China strategy.

Schaefer and Eaglen (Heritage 9/27/07)

"The President made clear that he sees the new command as having more than simply military responsibilities…"

Only a slowed down pace of US aid in Africa can prevent Chinese lashout in other areas. Careful diplomatic management is key to prevent an angry response.

Gill, Huang and Morrison 06. ( http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/chinainafrica.pdf )

"Up to now the United States and China have each been largely absorbed in their separate…"

China will respond by rattling swords with dollar purchases, crushing the economy.

Telegraph 07. ( http://www.telegrap.co.uk/money/main/jhtml?xml+/money/2007/08/07/bcnchina107a.xml )

"Two officials at leading Communist Party bodies have given interviews…"

Economic Collapse causes extinction

Bearden 00. (The Unnecessary Energy Crisis: How can we solve it)

"Prior to the final economic collapse, the stress on nations…"  These are the cites for the links that we read in that round. 2. Scope Link— John T Bennett, economist and president of the Korea Economic Institute of America, 10/1 /07 (http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?F=3070041&C=america) U.S. officials have been... and the United States." 3. We're on the brink Wenran Jiang, Director of the China Institute at the University of Alberta, '7 (http://jamestown.org/news_details.php?news_id=221#, 2/23) Regarding the prospects...power projection capabilities. 4. bad diplomacy link— Daniel Gordon, BBC World Service's Analysis Programme, 10/3/07 (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7026197.stm ) Africa analyst Brett...Africa," he says.

**Death Cult**
Jean **__Baudrillard__**, Dartmouth BM Hack, **__‘93__** (//Symbolic Exchange and Death// trans Iain Grant, p. 185-7) Pursued and censured everywhere, __death….__ an end to political economy. Jean **__Baudrillard__**, Dartmouth BM Hack, **__‘93__** (//Symbolic Exchange and Death// trans Iain Grant, 162-3, 173-5, “manpower” is left deliberately in) 2. More importantly, __that everyone should….. consumption__ in social input and output? Austin **__Kutscher__**, President of the Foundation of Thanatology and Professor – Columbia University, **__‘80__** (//Death & Existence//, p. Foreward) __ Within the educational setting …. __ collectively and individually. 
 * A. The 1AC’s introduction of death impacts into debate is bad.**
 * 1. Trivialization. Death debating causes an aesthetic fascination with the spectacle of death. This turns debate into a death cult and denies the choice to avoid death impacts.**
 * 2. Body Counts. Death debating reduces peoples’ lives to mere numbers for debaters to consume in their game.**
 * B. Vote neg because the aff introduced death impacts into the debate.**
 * C. This is a gateway argument about how we should be allowed to debate.**
 * If they win that we can use death impacts, then the rest of the 1NC applies.**
 * We will not make cross-applications from other flows to prove the link.**

Ethics Kritik
Mark **__Franke__**, Prof. International Studies – U. of North British Columbia, **__2K__** (//European Journal of International Relations// 6.3: 307-333) __ Campbell and __ the __others……__ remains insufficiently tested. Dean Richard **__Villa__**, Political Theory – UC Santa Barbara, **__‘96__** (//Arendt and Heidegger: The Fate of the Political//, p. 246-7) Arendt appropriates Heidegger’s…………. __that is not a //political// community at all__. David **__Chandler__**, Policy Research Institute - Leeds Metropolitan University, **__‘1__** (Human Rights Quarterly 23, “The Road to Military Humanitarianism”) The search for victims has dominated media coverage of humanitarian crises…………. __only passive victims and evil or dangerous abusers__. Mark **__Franke__**, Prof. International Studies – U. of North British Columbia, **__2K__** (//European Journal of International Relations// 6.3: 307-333) With the exhaustion of such methods, it then appears that __the fundamental challenge………__ __ the inescapable need to respond and relate. __ 
 * A. The aff’s discourse of ethics imposes a universal reading of what it means to be human.**
 * B. Grounding politics within an ethical framework creates totalitarianism. Ethics shapes humanity into a pre-determined moral imperative, expunging difference and plurality.**
 * C. Ethical discourse reproduces the causes of violence and dehumanizes people by turning them into abstract victims.**
 * D. Vote negative to reject the 1AC’s prior framing of the debate through ethics.**

Soft Power K – 1NC
Alan **__Ingram__**, Professor of Geography – University College London, **__‘5__** (//Geopolitics// 10, “The New Geopolitics of Disease”) __ A number of think-tank reports __ have __link__ed __health__ issues directly __with__ US __national interests__,……………………. __ based on moral criteria rather than scientific evidence __ .69 Melinda **__Cooper__**, Post-Doctoral Research Fellow at the University of East Anglia, UK, **__‘6__** (//Theory, Culture & Society//, “Pre-empting Emergence: The Biological Turn in the War on Terror”) For a while, venture capital continued to invest in the life sciences,………….. according to Dick Cheney (quoted in Woodward, 2001). Christopher **__Layne__**, Senior Fellow – CATO, **__and__** Ben **__Schwarz__** , RAND, **__’93__** (//Foreign Policy// 92, Autumn) Whether an empire of free trade……. sustaining its preeminence undermine its economic strength and thereby its geostrategic capabilities. …………. is __to avoid the path of folly__ in the Balkans and beyond. 
 * A. Launching Pad**
 * 1. The aff uses health for soft power. This securitizes health and destroys effective care.**
 * 2. Securitizing health leads to permanent war.**
 * B. World Order Mindset**
 * Leadership discourse is saturated with securitized assumptions that guarantee failure.**
 * You should vote negative to reject the aff’s prior commitment to securitization.**

African Stability 1NC
Rita **__Abrahamsen__**, Department of International Politics - University of Wales, **__‘5__** (//Alternatives// 30, “Blair’s Africa: The Politics of Securitization and Fear”) It is this process of securitization that can be seen in key elements of New Labour's policies toward Africa…………… __eliminate__—__the perceived threat__.20 Rita **__Abrahamsen__**, Department of International Politics - University of Wales, **__‘5__** (//Alternatives// 30, “Blair’s Africa: The Politics of Securitization and Fear”) The process of securitization does not necessarily or immediately give rise………….. to radically __ underlying causes of "state failure," rather than contribute to their solution __. Peter **__Coviello__**, Asst Prof of English – Bowdoin, **__‘1__** (Queer Frontiers, ed. Boone, author’s italics) Perhaps. But to claim that American culture is at present decisively postnuclear is not to say that the world we inhabit is in any way post-apocalypti…… __ initiative that can scarcely be done without __. Rita **__Abrahamsen__**, Department of International Politics - University of Wales, **__‘5__** (//Alternatives// 30, “Blair’s Africa: The Politics of Securitization and Fear”) Importantly though, such policies are not to be understood exclusively……. __ social and economic troubles __. Roland **__Bleiker__**, Associate Professor – University of Queensland, **__‘1__** (//The Zen of International Relations//, “Forget IR Theory,” p. 37-9) Stories, so we are told by prevailing social science wisdom, are not part of international relations…………. and less violence-prone practice of world politics. 
 * A. The affirmative securitizes Africa. The 1AC framing of Africa on the verge of chaos filters policy options into artificial choices of threat containment or elimination.**
 * B. Securitized policymaking expands fear of Otherness and perpetuates underlying causes of instability and conflict.**
 * C. This need to secure against dangerous Others guarantees perpetual destruction in the name of threat management.**
 * D. Vote negative to reject the 1AC’s security framing.**
 * C. The Alternative –**
 * Vote negative to criticize the security logic of the 1AC. Effective criticism requires suspending the aff’s agenda for action.**

Somaliland CP

 * CP Text: The United States Federal Government should officially Recognize the territory of Somaliland as a sovereign Country**
 * Recognition of Somaliland is crucial to curb Radical ideologies and terrorism**
 * Professor Schraeder 06, p**//rofessor in the Department of Political Science at Loyola University Chicago. He writes on African politics and U.S. Africa policy (//**Peter J.** //“Why the United States Should Recognize Somaliland’s Independence” CSIS: African Policy Forumn.// http://forums.csis.org/africa/?p=19//, December 19th.)//

Zimbabwe CP

 * Text: The United States federal government should <> excluding the Republic of Zimbabwe.**
 * THE COUNTEPRLAN SOLVES --**
 * WE SHOULD SUSPEND ALL AID TO ZIMBABWE—IT DOESN’T GET TO THE PEOPLE – THIS ALSO GIVES US UNIQUENESS TO OUR NET-BENEFITS**
 * Schaefer 07** [Brett D., Jay Kingham Fellow in International Regulatory Affairs in the Margaret Thatcher Center for Freedom of the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, The Heritage Foundation, “The Crisis in Zimbabwe: How the US Should Respond,” March 23, 2007 http://www.heritage.org/Research/Africa/wm1407.cfm]
 * A. Mugabe is on the verge of losing control of Zimbabwe – coup attempts and economic downturn prove the brink.**
 * Laurence 6/29**. [Patrick, staff writer of Zimbabwe Independent, 2007, “Zimbabwe: Mugabe Risks More than Displacement in a Coup”] /
 * B. THE PLAN’S ASSISTANCE WILL BE HIJACKED BY MUGABE TO INCREASE HIS POLITICAL SUPPORT AND STRANGLEHOLD OVER THE ZIMBABWE PEOPLE**
 * Williams** and **Sinnerton** 20**07** [Evan, staff reporter, and Siobhan, Director of UK Channel 4, May 18, “Zimbabwe: Mugabe’s Reign of Terror” http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/ontv/unreported_world/zimbabwe+mugabes+reign +of+terror/516247]
 * The impact is genocide—any increase in Mugabe’s power means a campaign of mass murder that is 10 times greater than Darfur, and will kill millions**
 * Kirchick 07** [James, The New Republic, “Killing them softly: The Other African Genocide, March 12, <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">http://www.orwelltoday.com/zimbabwegenocide.shtml <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">]

European Union CP
The European Union should do the plan <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"">

DISCOURSE OF DEVELOPMENT IS CENTRAL TO DISCUSSIONS OF AFRICA – WESTERN EXPERTS FIND PROBLEMS LIKE POVERTY AND BACKWARDNESS WHICH LOCK IN THE CONTINUAL NEED FOR DEVELOPMENT
Arturo **__Escobar__**, Kenan Distinguished Professor of Anthropology, UNC-Chapel Hill, **__‘95__** (“Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World”, p. 5-7) Until the late 1970s, __the central stake in discussions on__ Asia…… and imaginatively during the postEnlightenment period. (1979, 3) Arturo **__Escobar__**, Kenan Distinguished Professor of Anthropology, UNC-Chapel Hill, **__‘95__** (“Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World”, p. 52-54) The crucial threshold and transformation that took place in the early post– World War II period discussed in this chapter were the result not of a radical epistemological or political breakthrough but of the reorganization of a number of factors that allowed…………. To them I dedicate the coming chapter. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"">
 * Development multiplies underdevelopment to infinity – it leaves Third World populations subject to multiple interventions and systems of control, impoverishment, ecological degradation and killing indigenous populations to the threat of extinction.**

Colombia Free Trade Politics
__ The __ Free Trade Agreement (__FTA__) appears to offer a fair deal…… __against its interests in the **whole of Latin America.**__ "Despite a slight decrease……. __end human rights abuses worldwide…….__ Having an effective and principled….. __When America is seen to be compromising the values it has long preached, its credibility and influence are diminished.__ [|**http://www.ndu.edu/chds/journal/PDF/2003-0403/Saavedra-article.pdf**]** ] ** [|**http://www.bushgreenwatch.org/mt_archives/000319.php**]** ] ** <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"">
 * A. Colombia won’t pass—only perception of capital means Bush will force it on the agenda.**
 * __Inside U.S. Trade 2-1__**** -2008. [House, Senate Leadership Cool To FTAs After State Of The Union, p. lexis] **
 * C. Political capital is key to Colombia FTA.**
 * __National Journal__**** 8-11-200 __7__**** . [Uphill Climb on Trade Deals, p. factiva] **
 * Passsage of the FTA causes Colombian civil war.**
 * José María Rodríguez __González__****, foreign policy analyst, 3-29-200 __7__**** . [Colombia FTA: Monkey Business for U.S., p. **[|**http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0703/S00521.htm**]** ] **
 * Colombia FTA kills US human rights credibility.**
 * Representative Phil __Hare__****, D-Ill. (17th CD), __1-17__**** -2008. [US Fed News, BUSH TRADE AGENDA WOULD COMPOUND ECONOMIC PAIN OF WORKING AMERICANS, p. lexis] **
 * Human rights credibility is the only way to the war on terror.**
 * Tom __Malinowski__****, Advocacy Director for Human Rights Watch, 7-7-200 __4__**** . [Human Rights News, “Promoting Human Rights and Democracy,” p. **[|**http://hrw.org/english/docs/2004/07/07/usint9009_txt.htm**]** ] **
 * Victory or extinction.**
 * Yonah __Alexander__****, Ph.D., professor and director of Inter-University for Terrorism Studies in Israel and the US, 8-28-200 __3__**** . [Washington Times, Terrorism myths and realities, p. lexis] **
 * Human rights credibility is key to democracy promotion.**
 * Tom __Malinowski__****, Advocacy Director, Human Rights Watch, 3-10-200 __4__**** . [FDCH Congressional Testimony, State Department Human Rights Report, p. lexis] **
 * Democratization is key to global peace and stability.**
 * Joshua __Muravchik__****, Ph.D., Resident Scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, Adjunct Prof., Institute of World Politics, Member, State Dept.’s Advisory Committee on Democracy Promotion, 7-14-200 __1__**** . [Paper Presented at the NPEC/IGCC Summer Faculty Seminar, “Democracy and Nuclear Peace, p. **[|**http://www.npec-web.org/Syllabus/Muravchik.pdf**]** ] **
 * Democracy solves extinction.**
 * Larry __Diamond__****, Ph.D., Professor of Poli. Sci. and Sociology, Stanford U., Senior Fellow, Hoover Institution, Co-Editor //Journal of Democracy//, Dec. 19 __95__**** . [A Report to the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, “Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives,” p. **[|**http://wwics.si.edu/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/di/fr.htm**]** ] **
 * Civil war in Colombia destroys US hegemony.**
 * R. Evan __Ellis__****, Ph.D., Latin America consultant with Booz, Allen & Hamilton, Feb. 200 __4__**** . [Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, IEEE 23(1), The Impact of Instability in Latin America, p. 187-93] **
 * Colombia’s key to Latin America stability.**
 * Kevin J. __Fandl__****, J.D., Ph.D., Candidate, George Mason U., Fulbright Fellow (Colombia), 200 __7__**** . [10 Yale H.R. & Dev. L.J. 64, Bilateral Agreements and Fair Trade Practices: A Policy Analysis of the Colombia-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (2006), p. lexis] **
 * Regional instability kills to the US economy.**
 * Boris __Saavedra__****, professor, Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies , National Defense University, April 200 __3__**** . [NDU Working Paper, Confronting Terrorism in Latin America, p. **
 * Latin American instability causes terrorism.**
 * R. Evan __Ellis__****, Ph.D., Latin America consultant with Booz, Allen & Hamilton, Feb. 200 __4__**** . [Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, IEEE 23(1), The Impact of Instability in Latin America, p. 187-93] **
 * Civil war in Colombia threatens Brazilian security and nationalism.**
 * Richard L. __Millett__****, Ph.D., Senior Fellow at the North-South Center, Oppenheimer Chair of Modern Warfighting Strategy at the U.S. Marine Corps University, Professor Emeritus of History at Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, Oct. 200 __2__**** . [Strategic Studies Institute, Colombia’s Conflicts: The Spillover Effects of a Wider War] **
 * That causes nuclearization targeted at the US.**
 * Donald E. __Schulz__****, Ph.D., Chair of Political Science at Cleveland State U., fmr. Research Professor of National Security at the Strategic Studies Institute of the US Army College, March __2k__**** . [Strategic Studies Institute, The United States and Latin America: Shaping an Elusive Future, **[|**http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?PubID=31**]** ] **
 * Colombia FTA would destroy the Amazon.**
 * Tom __Loudon__****, Coordinator, ART, March 200 __7__**** . [Alliance for Responsible Trade, The “Contaminated” Environmental Chapter of the Free Trade Agreement, **
 * The Amazon is key to planetary survival.**
 * __Greenwatch__**** 9-29-200 __6__**** . [Bush Free Trade Plan Puts Amazon up for Grabs, p. **

Security K
Discourse of Danger. The 1AC's discourse of danger constitutes identity. Their representation of threats naturalizes securitization. Cambell, International Politics, New Caste, 98, Writing security no page listed "in this context of...difference as otherness"

These security discourses guarantee perpetual apocalypse in the name of survival. Peter Coviello, Asst Prof of English – Bowdoin, '1 (Queer Frontiers, ed. Boone, author's italics) Perhaps. But to... be done without.

Vote negative to criticize the security logic of the 1AC. Effective criticism requires suspending the aff's agenda for action. Roland Bleiker, Associate Professor – University of Queensland, '1 (The Zen of International Relations, "Forget IR Theory," p. 37-9) Stories, so we are told..practice of world politics.