Mercer+Island+KC+-+Paul+Kanellopoulos+&+Dakota+Camacho+aff

Mercer Island CK – Affirmative – Air Force

Contention One: Way up high in the Rolie Polie Sky

Air Force operational readiness is tanked—we are fighting a ground war with air power. Medics specifically have been in high demand. McMichael, 07 (William, "Iraq Ops Taxing Readiness, Experts Say, How Effectively Could U.S. Handle Another Threat?" December 2)

And, they can't win a unique disadvantage—the Air Force will inevitably play a role in AFRICOM, its only a question of whether its response is sufficient. O'Conner, 07 (Seamus, Air Force Times, "AfriCom probably won't own many aircraft," November 27)

Thus, the plan: the United States federal government should provide all necessary resources to the Air Force Medical Service to conduct medical readiness missions limited to humanitarian and civic assistance and medical response to disasters under the International Health Specialists Program in the topically designated areas. Contention Two: We're the Swellest Kid Around

1) Medical readiness missions are critical to rapidly enhancing competency for medics, which is a critical internal link to mission success. Only the plan can create a transition to mobile footprint teams that free up combative forces and solve readiness problems. The alternative is multiple scenarios for nuclear crises and natural disasters. Carleton, 01 (Lieutenant General Paul, The Surgeon General of the United States Air Force, "Air Force: Service a Privilege," January)

None of their troop level arguments are responsive—the medical readiness of the Air Force can sustain rapid global mobility even with a decline in forward-deployed troops. Medics are the first line in elevating readiness levels. Mitchell, 01 (Marguerite, Uniformed Services University of Health and Sciences, "Medical Readiness of Air Force Members Not on Deployment for Shortfall Deployments," Defense Technical Information Center, May)

2) The International Health Specialists program is key to effective leadership and military engagement—the plan is key to facilitating successful military engagement around the globe.

Ward et Al, 02 (Jane, Colonel Kerrie G. Lindberg, Major Daniel McNulty, Major Mona Ternus; former director and manager of the International Health Specialist Program, administrator of the Surgeon General's Tactical Action Team, individual mobilization augmentee; http://www.airpower.au.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj02/fal02/phifal02.html)

Military medics are the tip of the spear in building security partnerships and reduce the likelihood of conflict. Empirics are on our side. Carlton, 01 (Lieutenant General Paul, The Surgeon General of the United States Air Force, "Air Force: Service a Privilege," January)

This ensures unimpeded air power access and basing in Africa. Pre-emptive air engagement with Africa is key to the sustainability of hegemony and rapid global mobility. Hall, 03 (Brian, Colonel in the United States Air Force, Deputy Director of the United States Joint Forces Command, Rutgers University, Marine Corps Command and Staff college, September 4)

3) The Impacts: A. Sustainable United States forward deployment prevents multiple scenarios for nuclear conflict—prefer it to any other power structure.

All of their impacts are more likely in a world without American predominance. Kagan, 07 (Robert, Senior Associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, "End of Dreams, Return of History," Policy Review, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/8552512.html#n10)

B. Air power prevents global WMD conflicts Khalilzad and Lesser, 98 (Zalmay and Ian, Senior Researchers – Rand, Sources of Conflict in the 21st Century, http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR897/MR897.chap3.pdf)

More extinction Straits Times, 00 ["Regional Fallout: No one gains in war over Taiwan," Jun 25, LN] Contention Three: We ran out of Rolie Polie Olie References

Scenario One: Disease

Lack of health infrastructure in Africa spurs drug resistant strains http://www.bd.com/press/newsroom/pdfs/3_HC_Infrastructure.pdf)

Extinction South China Morning Post, 96 (Ben Abraham, One of the 100 Greatest Minds in History according to Mensa, ", "Leading the way to a cure for AIDS," P. Lexis, January 4)

Scenario Two: Bioterrorism

The US is uniquely vulnerable to bio-weapon threat dude to poor training of military medical personnel Defeo, 06 (Joseph, Captain of the United States Navy, "Joint Medical Readiness: Are We Ready to Answer the WMD Threat?" March 15 http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA449697 p. 7)

Unconstrained bio-attacks cause extinction—none of you're impact defense is responsive. Steinbrauner, 97 (Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institute, Committee on International Security and Arms Control, December 22, Foreign Policy)

The capacity to minimize the death toll in a domestic attackis crucial- large casualties ensures a US response that escalates to a nuclear war Conley, 03 (Harry W., chief of the systems analysis Branch, Directorate of Requirements, Air and Space Power Journal- Spring 2003- http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/spr03/conley.html

The plan solves—only the IHS has the expertise in regional medical threats and can build sufficient infrastructure Ward et Al, 02 (Jane, Colonel Kerrie G. Lindberg, Major Daniel McNulty, Major Mona Ternus; former director and manager of the International Health Specialist Program, administrator of the Surgeon General's Tactical Action Team, individual mobilization augmentee; http://www.airpower.au.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj02/fal02/phifal02.html)

DOD medics have technical advances that are critical to containing disease outbreaks and biological attacks—other actors don't stand a chance Carleton, 01 (Lieutenant General Paul, The Surgeon General of the United States Air Force, "Air Force: Service a Privilege," January)

Mercer Island CK – Affirmative – Djibouti

Contention One: AFRICOM is watching its Djibouti The United States' new military command AFRICOM's credibility is being undermined by the administration's excessive focus on security. Mills, McNamee, Lorenzo, and Uttle, 07 (Greg, Terence, Mauro, and Matthew, Brenthurst Foundation, "AFRICOM and African Security," April, [|http://www.africafocus.org/docs07/afc0708a.php)] In October 2008… insecurities, but Africa's.

The United States needs to expand AFRICOM beyond existing operations in order to offset apprehension and dissolve perceptions of the United States as a threat. Morrison, 07 (Stephen, Executive Director of the HIV/AIDS Task Force and Director of the Africa Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Testimony by J. Stephen before the Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Africa, "Exploring the U.S. Africa Command and a New Strategic Relationship with Africa," August 1 ,[|http://allafrica.com/stories/200708031107.html)] Across Africa, and in Europe … and the interagency process.

Thus, the Plan: The United States federal government should provide necessary assistance to substantially expand medical civil action programs operating in Djibouti under the Combined Joint Task force for the Horn of Africa.

Military operations in Djibouti serve as a template for all of the United States strategic—renewed recognition off Djibouti's role will be modeled by all of the adjacent commands. Schermerhorn, 05 (Lange, Served as the Political Advisor to the CJTF-HOA, Battling Terrorism in the Horn of Africa, Rotberg (ed.); "Djibouti: A Special Role in the War on Terrorism," Copyright: The World Peace Foundation and Brookings Institution, p. 48-49) Djibouti has achieved … Pacific Commands.

Contention Two: the European Command gets a Feel for Djibouti The European Command is in a transitional period—the success of the African Command will play an integral role in the re-crafting of all combatant commands to create interagency cooperation that creates successful engagement with Russia, protect sea lanes, and maintains energy security. Garamone, 07 (Jim, American Forces Press Services, "Craddock Discusses Africa, European Command Changes," March 5, [|http://www.army.mil/-news/2007/03/05/2120-craddock-discusses-africa-european-command-changes/)]

"EUCOM has plenty … higher-tempo basis.

The inflexibility of the European Command is threatening the credibility of America's Alliance with NATO and leaves the United States vulnerable to asymmetric threats--only a new approach can fix the failing post-Cold War Structures. Wald, 04 (Charles, General and Deputy Commander of the United States European Command, "US European Command and Transformation," www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/jfq_pubs/0537.pdf)

Since the collapse … partners to win this war.

Independently, Sustainable forward deployment in Europe is key to preventing nuclear conflict—prefer this to any other power structure. All of their impacts are more likely in a world without United States regopna; predominance. Kagan, 07 (Robert, Senior Associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, "End of Dreams, Return of History," Policy Review, [|http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/8552512.html#n10)] Finally, … will provide an easier path.

Contention Three: Russia Russia's assignment to the European Command has fractured the United States ability to respond to contingencies in the region and undermines military-to-military cooperation that is vital to preventing war with Russia. Oiker, 03 (Olga, RAND: Project Airforce, "Assessing Russia's Decline: Trends and Implications for the United States and the U.S. Air Force,") Russia has … such goals.

War with Russia is the only credible scenario for nuclear extinction—this outweighs all other impacts. Caldicott, 02 [(Helen- Founder of Physicians for Social Responsibility, The new nuclear danger, p. 7-12)] If launched from Russia… annihilation of the planet.

Contention Four: The Air Force's Djibouti Air Force readiness is at an all time low—strains risk collapse. Grossman, 06 (Senior Correpondent, Inside the Pentagon, Inside the Army, 7-10, Lexis) Although ground …are in short supply.

Missions in the Horn of Africa are key to the successful training and readiness of Air Force service by creating inter-task force cooperation that will be modeled in combatant missions. Prefer our evidence—we have empirical examples. Bernard, 07 (Carrie, Sergeant in the Combined Joint Task Force for the Horn of Africa, "Airpower role essential in Africa," March 5, [|http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123047472)] With a mission … home from this rotation

United States Air power deters multiple nuclear, chemical, and biological conflicts in Asia and the Middle East Khalilzad and Lesser, 98 (Zalmay and Ian, Senior Researches – Rand, Sources of Conflict in the 21st Century, [|http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR897/MR897.chap3.pdf)] This subsection attempts …conflicts have already broken out.

Contention Five: Solvency The success of the task force is key establishing the legitimacy of the African Command through its structures of interagency cooperation. This will prevent conflicts and future intervention Barnett, 07 (Thomas, Professor and Strategic Researcher at the United States Naval War College and Senior Managing Director of Enterra Solutions, "The Americans Have Landed," June 27, [|http://www.esquire.com/features/africacommand0707)] America is going … replicated across the entire continent.

The Combined Joint Task Force is a critical model of bifurcation of the military that will serve as a template for the African command. Barnett, 07 (Thomas, Distinguished strategist at the Oak Ridge Center for Advanced Studies, Senior Strategic Researcher at the United States Naval War College, and Senior Managing Director of Enterra Solutions, "Africa command: How America organizes to win war and peace," June 24, Knox News, [|http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2007/jun/24/barnett-africa-command-how-america-organizes-win-w/)] For years now…, forging the obvious solution.

Mercer Island CK – Affirmative – Namibia Biodiversity

As the water crisis continues the Okavango Delta is at risk of becoming a region rife with water shortages Reuters 00 (Reuters News Service, "Africa deluge masks water shortage threat", March 15, 2000, < http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm?newsid=5993&newsdate=15-Mar-2000> Accessed September 15, 2007) "As water becomes… lucrative tourist industry"

The 2005 Water for the Poor Act has been ignored and plans are to decrease future water assistance to Africa south of the Sahara. Blumenauer 7 (Earl, leading congressional Water expert and representative on the House Ways and Means Committee, "Hearing of the Subcommittee on Africa and Global Health of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs," Federal News Service) "Our legislation was… I find it incomprehensible."

The United States federal government should substantially increase funding and implementation of the regional strategies of H.R. 1973 in Angola, Bostwana, and Namibia. We Reserve the right to clarify.

And, this will spillover because of the commitment to regional institutions. This is what our plan does - Simon 6 (Ron Paul, Us Congressman and leader behind the Water for the Poor Act, "Senator Paul Simon: Water for the Poor Act of 2005", [|http://www.state.gov/g/oes/rls/rpts/67447.htm)] "The U.S. will… of freshwater resources."

Contention Two: Biodiversity

Advantage One: The Delicious Delta

First, Water Shortages are happening in the status quo and are expected to continue Sibeene 7 (Petronella Sibeene, Chief Medical Officer in Caprivi, "Water Shortage Threatens Small Stock", AllAfrica.Com, August 30th, 2007, < http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200708300291.html> Accessed September 16th, 2007) Small stock farmers… the drought situation.

Second, more water shortages in Namibia will force the government to build hydroelectric dams and pipelines to exploit the Okavango Basin. Mbaiwa 3 (Joseph E. Mbaiwa University of Botswana, Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre. "Causes and possible solutions to potential water resource conflicts in the Okavango River Basin: The case of Angola, Namibia and Botswana." http://waternetonline.ihe.nl/docs/Papers2003/Warfsa- WaterNet%20Theme%205/Causes%20and%20possible%20solutions%20to%20potential%20water%20resource%20co.pdf) "The Okavango River… along the basin."

And, The use of the Okavango Delta water resources for development resources without comprehensive management will result in irreversible changes in the basin's water balance and crush biodiversity as a whole. Monna 99 (Stevie, Botswana National Convservation Strategy Coordinating Agency, "A Framework for International Cooperation for the Management of the Okavango Basin and Delta," People and Wetlands the Vital Link, 7th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties of the Convention on Wetlands, May [|http://www.ramsar.org/cop7/cop7_doc_20.5_e.htm)] The biodiversity of… intervention is necessary.

And, The Okavango Delta is facing extinction—the plan is key to preventing the collapse of the entire African wetland ecosystem. Monna 99 (Stevie, Botswana National Convservation Strategy Coordinating Agency, "A Framework for International Cooperation for the Management of the Okavango Basin and Delta," People and Wetlands the Vital Link, 7th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties of the Convention on Wetlands, May [|http://www.ramsar.org/cop7/cop7_doc_20.5_e.htm)] "The Okavango Delta… construction to medicinal uses."

And, Loss of ecosystems and species will cause planetary extinction Diner 94 (David, Judge Advocate's General's Corps of US Army, Military Law Review, Winter, lexis) Why Do We Care?... to the abyss.

Additionally, Even a small change will cause extinction ENN 1 (Environmental News Network, October 12, 2001, "Gradual change can push ecosystems into collapse", < http://www.well.com/%7Edavidu/collapse.html> ) After decades… them collapse."

And this Outweighs Nuclear War, Environmental Collapse, and Energy Insecurity Tobin 90 (Richard J. Tobin, World Renown Author "The Expendable Future: U.S. Politics and the Protection of Biological Diversity", 1990) In fact, when… the United States.

And, Namibia is uniquely at risk for environmental degradation Gardner-Outlaw and Engleman 97 (Tom and Robert, "Sustaining Water, Easing Scarcity: A Second Update," Revised Data for the Population Action International Report, [|http://www.nancywang.com/resources/publications/water/water97.pdf)] One place where… long-term solution is urgent

Advantage Two: America is The 'Next Top Model'

First, US Actions to protect wetlands under the Ramsar Convention are modeled by other countries that are under Ramsar Podolsky 1 (Michael j. Podolsky, Case Western Law, U.S. Wetlands Policy, Legislation, and Case Law as Applied to the Wise Use Concept of the Ramsar Convention, Case Western Reserve University, 52 Case W. Res. 627, Winter 2001) U.S. wetlands… items as critical components.

Second, US Environmental Actions are modeled worldwide Tobin 90 (Richard J. Tobin, World Renown Author "The Expendable Future: U.S. Politics and the Protection of Biological Diversity", 1990) Still another reason for… but elsewhere as well.

Third, Environment Regulation Modeling is Key to Wetlands in Kenya World Resources Institute 7(World Resources Institute, 2007, Environmental Accountability in Africa (EAA): Legislative Environmental Representation, [|http://governance.wri.org/legisrep-project-216.html)] When power… basic of functions

And, Aquatic species are key to survival and the environment Current Science 6 (5(10), 9-10, p.574, [|http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/sep102006/573.pdf)] Aquatic ecosystems sustain… spiritual and cultural development.

Fourth, the Black Rhino is in the Kenyan Wetlands RAMSAR 5 (Ramsar Convention, September 27th, 2005, http://www.ramsar.org/profile/profiles_kenya.htm, "The Annotated Ramsar List: Kenya") The Convention on.. information: 2005

And, the Rhino is key to biodiversity - the extinction of the rhino will collapse the environment WWF 6 (World Wildlife Fund, 2006, Factsheet, "Species fact sheet: African Rhinos", [|http://assets.panda.org/downloads/africanrhino2006w.pdf)] Rhinos are 'flagship'… and law-enforcement measures

Contention Three: Solvency The Okavango Delta is best managed by the United States – Other countries will twist the arms of national leaders for their own interests, and this best solves because we must build international-national and local cooperation. Hasler 2 (Richard, Research Associate, Project for Land and Agrarian Studies, Okavango Research Centre, University of Botswana, "Political Ecologies of Scale and the Okavango Delta: Hydro-politics, Property Rights and Community Based Wildlife Management." June 2002) In more ways than… the costs of trying.

And, USAID is funded by the Water for the poor act, they can work with Community Based Natural Resource Management Hasler 2 (Richard, Research Associate, Project for Land and Agrarian Studies, Okavango Research Centre, University of Botswana, "Political Ecologies of Scale and the Okavango Delta: Hydro-politics, Property Rights and Community Based Wildlife Management." June 2002) An example of … through District Councils.

And, The Water for the Poor Act has failed to work in the Okavango Delta because of mixed priorities, only our aff can solve this, it's try or die for the affirmative. Lochery 07 (Peter, Water Team Director for CARE, "Beyond the Status Quo: Bringing Down Barriers to Water and Sanitation Provision in Africa through Implementation of the Senator Paul Simon Water for the Poor Act Testimony before the United States House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Africa and Global Health," [|http://www.care.org/newsroom/articles/2007/05/lochery_water_testimony.pdf)] The Water for the Poor… attention that it so desperately needs.

Contention Four: ___

The negative's links and aid bad arguments are non-unique – The US has an ad hoc and uncoordinated water assistance program in effect in the status quo CSIS 5 (9-30, Center for Strategic & Internat'l Studies, Global Water Futures, http://www.sandia.gov/water/docs/CSISSNL_ OGWF_9-28-05.PDF) At the… policy goals.

Our Aff's Commitment to biodiversity breaks down the dominant structures that cause suffering. We uniquely solve for the evils of patriarchy, violence, colonialism, militarism, and globalization. We solve all your other impacts by recognizing the biological imperative Hawthorn 01 (Gale Group, "wild politics: feminism, globilization, and biodiviserty") Beyond that… how we act

A Nuclear War wouldn't cause extinction – their claims are exaggerated Martin 82 (Brian Martin is Professor of Social Sciences in the School of Social Sciences, Media and Communication at the University of Wollongong. "Critique of Nuclear Extinction" Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 19, No. 4, 1982, pp. 287-300) To summarise the… does not exist.

A Limited Nuclear War is more likely Martin 82 (Brian Martin is Professor of Social Sciences in the School of Social Sciences, Media and Communication at the University of Wollongong. "Critique of Nuclear Extinction" Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 19, No. 4, 1982, pp. 287-300) It often has… apathy and resignation.

Add-Ons

Angola Oil Add-On

More water shortages in Namibia will force the government to build hydro-electric dams and pipelines to exploit the Okavango Basin, blocking sediments.. This causes war with its neighbors—Angola and Botswana

Mbaiwa 3 (Joseph E. Mbaiwa University of Botswana, Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre. "Causes and possible solutions to potential water resource conflicts in the Okavango River Basin: The case of Angola, Namibia and Botswana." http://waternetonline.ihe.nl/docs/Papers2003/Warfsa- WaterNet%20Theme%205/Causes%20and%20possible%20solutions%20to%20potential%20water%20resource%20co.pdf) The Okavango River… living along the basin.

Angola is key to Chinese energy security—it is its largest supplier of crude oil on the African Continent. Horta, 06 [Lora, Asian security analyst based in Beijing, regular contributor to the Straits Times, Asia Times and the Jakarta Post, 23 June 2006 China and Angola Strengthen Bilateral Relationship] In 2004, Angola became China's…. policies has increased accordingly.

War in the delta causes oil market collapse—conflict creates battle for access to pipelines larger cuts from the petrodollar, and bunkering would sky-rocket oil prices. Thompson, 07 (Christopher, reporter for the Black Agenda Report, a journal about African American political thought and action. The Scramble for Africa's Oil. June 20, [|http://www.blackagendareport.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255&Itemid=37)] Within a decade…. send world oil prices sky-high.

Energy security is key to preventing war in the South china Sea—China will go to war for oil. Lai, 07 (Hongyi Harry, Research Fellow at the East Asian Institute, National University of Singapore, China's oil diplomacy: is it a global security threat?, Third World Quarterly, Volume 28, Issue 3 April 2007, pages 519 - 537, EBSCOhost) In recent years international security.

The impact is extinction Cirincione, 00[ Cirincione, director of the Non-Proliferation Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2000 Joseph, Foreign Policy, "The Asian Nuclear Reaction Chain," Lexis] The blocks would… nuclear weapon since 1945.

Kenyan Water-Wars Add-On

Kenyan Wetlands destruction leads to a full out war killing 3 billion people African Church Information Service, 01 (Highly qualified because they speak the word of God, March 5, 2001, AllAfrica) Disagreements over water catchment….. control arable land - with water.

Egypt would be involved—they have heavy interest in the Nile that flows into Lake Victoria. Mostly Africa, 07 (:"Kenya: ... will no longer honour Nile Treaty ... Egypt mad") Kenya has decided it will no longer …. relationship to the river.

Africa-Egypt war will go nuclear PINR 2k6 (Dario Cristiano, 10/4, [|http://www.gees.org/documentos/Documen-01740.pdf)] Cairo has produced… around the world.