Westminster+JA+-+Rajesh+Jegadeesh+&+Priyanka+Anand+aff

**New Aff for Westminster – Anshu TOC caselist – copied from**
TOC changes PLAN: The Department of Defense should provide long term health training to community health workers in the topic region I – Inherency Militarization of Africa Policy is increasing LeMelle, 08, 2/7, [|africaaction.org] “Africa Policy outlook 2008”  The public backlash against AFRICOM won’t stop it, but it will make it less efective Schefer, 3/21/8, [|heritage.org] “U.S. Afric Caommand: Challenges and Opportunities”)   The military is increasing short-term medical care in Africa now to win support of Africom  Economist 4-12, 8    This will destroy relations by creating rising expections, only a long-term public health approach solves  Lougee, “Can We Build A Better Medical Civic Assistance Program?” DISAM Journal, February 2007, [|disam.dsca.mil]    O2 – Leadership  American unilpolarity is over and unrecoverable – power is inevitably growing among multiple actors that will prevent any single entity from controling the world  Haaas, 8, Foreign Affaairs, May/June   The U.S. needs strategies to translate power into influence Haas, 4/29/8, [|cfr.org]  This perpection of U.S. relaince on hard power refelctes an outdated form of balance of power politics Richardsin, [|harvardir.org/articles/1630/2] Harvard international Review, Summer “A New realism” The failure to modernize U.S. strategic thinking..global problems U.S. influence with other powers is vital to solving terrorism, failed states, proliferation, iraq, and Afghanistan Stanley, 7 “International Perspectives on u.S. nuclear policy” [|prod.sandia.gov]  State failure impact Prolif leads to extinction Terrorism causes extinction Broader war in Iraq causes extinction Perceptions of military overrliance destroys US conflict resolution capabilities Hamilton, 11/2/2, [|www.wilsoncenter.org] “Major U.S. foreign policy challenges”)   This makes WWW 3 inevitable  Bosco, LA Times, 7/23/6 “Could this be the start of World War III?”)  No zero-sum competition with pivotal powersw Hachigan, “The United States and Shifting Global Power Dynamics”, [|cfr.org]  O3 – Solvency The plan establishes long-term military community partnerships that reverse the problems of current military medical engagement Pruden “Should Humanitarian and civic assistance activities focus on Building public health capacity in Africa to Better Influence theater Security cooperation objectives? 6  The plan is based upon a successful empierical public health model from Hunduras that distinguishes it from standard MEDCAPs Lougee, Military Medicine, February 2007, [|findarticles.com]  Military trainign of community health workers is vital to sustianing U.s. influence glboally and blunting the perception of U.S. militarys. Changing the perception of the u.S. military is a preqrequisite for all other strategies to enhance U.S. leadership Leech, 4, the World: A case for Greater U.S. military involvement, [|stinet.dtic.mil]  Military medical engagement with sends a signal ofhumanitarianism Carroll, Engagement or Marriage..  U.S. african relations aare vital to sustaining support for U.S. leadership Pham, 7 “American in Africa: Securing U.S. interests and Promoting a Continent’s development”  AFRICOm creates a opportunity where all of U.S. military presence is being evaluated Howard, “How soft can power be?” [|duckofminerva.blogspot.com] 

Westminster (All Teams) – Affirmative – Chinese Medical Teams

First, both China and the US are increasing aid to Africa, however this aid is not coordinated Gill, Huang & Morrison. 2k7. Bates, Freeman Chair in China Studies at CSIS. Chin-Hao, research assistant with the Freeman Chair. J. Stephen, director of the Africa Program at CSIS. “Assessing China’s Growing Influence in Africa” China Security, Vol. 3, No. 3. http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/about/pdfs/china-africa.pdf

For the United States, .., systematic or substantive reference to the other.

Chinese medical assistance is limited because of price constraints Shinn. 2006. David Shinn, Adjunct Professor of International Affairs at George Washington University. “An Out of the Box Idea: China, Africa, and the United States Health Care Cooperation” Washington Journal of Modern China, Spring/Summer, 2006

China’s capacity to send large numbers of … to different governments, industries, and enterprises. Advantage 1: Taiwan Price constraints don’t mean China goes away, just that the aid is uncoordinated and sparks resentment Gill and Reilly. 2k7. Bates, the Freeman Chair in China Studies at CSIS & James, East Asia representative for the American Friends Service Committee. “The Tenuous Hold of China Inc. in Africa” The Washington Quarterly • 30:3 pp. 37–52. http://www.twq.com/07summer/docs/07summer_gill_reilly.pdf

Second, China’s foreign aid policy is constrained by … subcontracting to a firm already approved by the MOC. Successful medical assistance is key to Chinese relations with Africa Gu 2005. Dr. Xuewu, Chair of East Asian Politics and Director of the Institute of East Asian Politics of Bochum University. “China Returns to Africa” Trends East Asia. February. http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/oaw/poa/pdf/TEA%20S9.pdf

One of China’s most effective instruments for cultivating … every African family, at least on the statistical level. Relations with Africa are key to Chinese stability. China’s economy depends on the export market and resources of Africa. International credibility depends on relations Kurlantzick 2k6. Joshua, visiting scholar in the Carnegie Endowment’s China Program. “Beijing’s Safari: China’s Move into Africa and Its Implications for Aid,Development, and Governance” China Program, November. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. www.carnegieendowment.org/ files/kurlantzick_outlook_africa2.pdf

Developing countries, and particularly African states, … international aid in 2004. By comparison, in an eight-year period between 1993 Oil shortages in China cause Chinese economic slowdown leading to CCP instability The Economist 07/12/07 Acute energy shortages in China would have serious economic and political consequences … ensures that the effects of a serious energy-supply disruption or power shortage would be severe. CCP instability causes a nationalist takeover and a lashout resulting in war over Taiwan Paradise, 07 (James, “Underestimating China's "resilient authoritarianism"?”, ASIA MEDIA NEWS DAILY, May 1, 2007, [|http://www.asiamedia.ucla.edu/article-eastasia.asp?parentid=68978)]

Susan L. Shirk goes a long way to overcoming both of these problems (especially the latter) in regards to China. In her new book, … does not successfully adjust to China's rise -- which requires engaging in a partnership with China -- there could be serious implications.

A war over Taiwan escalates into global nuclear war Hsiung 01 – Professor of Politics and International Law at NYU [James, 21st Century World Order and the Asia Pacific, p. 359-360] Admittedly, it is harmless for an analyst like Lind to be so oblivious of lessons from the past and of the reasons behind both the dogs barking and not barking. But decision-makers cannot afford such luxury. Lee Kuan Yew… clear why stability in the U.S.-China-Japan triadic relationship is a sine qua non for geopolitical peace in the Asia Pacific region.

Advantage 2: Sino-US Relations a. Oil Sino-US clash over Africa is inevitable without greater understanding and cooperation on public health Gill, Huang & Morrison. 2k6. Bates, Freeman Chair in China Studies at CSIS. Chin-Hao, research assistant with the Freeman Chair. J. Stephen, director of the Africa Program at CSIS. “China’s Expanding Role in Africa Implications for the United States” A Report to the CSIS Delegation to China on US-Africa-China Relations. http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/chinainafrica.pdf

China’s ambitious, new high-profile role in Africa challenges the United States to think far more comprehensively and strategically about how it will engage … only if there is the conscious political choice and exercise of political will by each government’s leaders. Miscalculation over resource competition is the most likely scenario for US-China war Hatemi & Wedamanis, 2k7. Peter, a professor at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Andrew, associate professor and chair of Asian Studies at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. “Oil and Conflict in Sino-American Relations” China Security, Vol. 3 No. 3 Summer 2007, pp. 95 – 118. www.wsichina.org/cs7_5.pdf

Because the economies of both the United States and China … security dilemma, wherein reciprocation of antagonistic actions may lead to war.

Resource wars culminate in extinction Dr. Malcolm Riddoch, Faculty of Communications and Creative Industries, Edith Cowan University, June 19, 04 ([|http://www.melbourne.indymedia.org/news/2004/06/72000_comment.php)]

There are lots of recent 2004 reports speculating about the … species through global nuclear war and its companions famine and pestilence. We have the fastest timeframe. Oil will run out in 2 years Hatemi & Wedamanis, 2k7. Peter, a professor at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Andrew, associate professor and chair of Asian Studies at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. “Oil and Conflict in Sino-American Relations” China Security, Vol. 3 No. 3 Summer 2007, pp. 95 – 118. www.wsichina.org/cs7_5.pdf

Although most countries rely on a combination of fuels, including coal and nuclear power… in the disputed Spratly and Paracel islands and East China Sea regions.

b. Relations The current strategy of containment fails. It will lead to a US-China confrontation and destroy all current cooperation – this is crucial to maintain on all major international initiatives including stemming global proliferation Bader and Bush, 8 [Jeffrey Bader, Director at the John. L Thornton China Center and Richard C. Bush III, Director of the Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies at Opportunity 08, The Brookings Institution – “Contending with the Rise of China: Build on Three Decades of Progress; China, U.S. Politics, Asia, Elections, Politics”]

Against this backdrop, Zoellick was right to acknowledge the need to “hedge” …with China for minimal or no security benefit.

Proliferation causes extinction Victor Utgoff, Deputy Director for Strategy, Forces, and Resources Division, Institute for Defense Analysis, Summer 2002 (Survival) p. OUP Journals - http://survival.oupjournals.org

Widespread proliferation is likely to lead to an occasional shoot-out …we will all gather on a hill to bury the bodies of dead cities or even whole nations. China will inevitably come to power – the question is whether or not we can adequately integrate them into the global order. A revitalized international system based on cooperation solves a risk of confrontation. Ikenberry, 8 [G. John Ikenberry, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University, Foreign Affairs – January/February 08 issue – “The Rise of China and the Future of the West: Can the Liberal System Survive?”]

The rise of China will undoubtedly be one of the great … struggle is between China and a revived Western system, the West will triumph. And Chinese aid to Africa is a test case for relations Zurlantzick 2k6. Joshua, visiting scholar in the Carnegie Endowment’s China Program. “Beijing’s Safari: China’s Move into Africa and Its Implications for Aid,Development, and Governance” China Program, November. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. www.carnegieendowment.org/ files/kurlantzick_outlook_africa2.pdf

China’s new safari may prove positive for Africa. Beijing offers …be replicated in other parts of the developing world. Cooperation over public health in Africa is key to overall US-China relations Kurlantzick 2k6. Joshua, visiting scholar in the Carnegie Endowment’s China Program. “Beijing’s Safari: China’s Move into Africa and Its Implications for Aid,Development, and Governance” China Program, November. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. www.carnegieendowment.org/ files/kurlantzick_outlook_africa2.pdf

If the United States, Europe, and the international financial … to flu issues and raised nearly $2 billion in pledges

Engagement through cooperation on global problems is key to avoiding a war with China. It increases understanding in order to avoid miscalculation Bates 2k7. Scott, CNP Vide President. Speech, “China: Dangerous Nation or Peaceful Power?” Center for National Policy March 30, 2007 http://www.cnponline.org/index.php?tg=articles&idx=More&topics=60&article=332

What will China’s rise mean to the world economy, international law … views today and in the days ahead. Relations are key to solving terrorism Saunders in ’01 (Phillip, Director of the Nonproliferation Program at the Center for Nonproliferation Studies, “Can 9-11 Provide a Fresh Start for Sino-U.S. Relations?” October 23, http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/reports/sino911.htm )

China generally shares U.S. concerns about terrorism, … that refuse to cooperate in anti-terrorist efforts. Terrorism Causes extinction Corsi 05 - Ph.D. in Political Science from Harvard University [Jerome Corsi (Expert in Antiwar movements and political violence), Atomic Iran, pg. 176-178]

The United States retaliates: 'End of the world' scenarios The combination … while the country was still capable of exacting revenge.

Engagement key to relations and international stability – including nuclear proliferation, regional conflict, public health, terrorism, human rights, and the environment Hills – Former US trade representative – 2007 (Carla A., The International Herald Tribune, “Engaging the New China; Power Diplomacy” April 27, 2007 LexisNexis)

The relationship between the United States and China will shape the future of …and actions in accordance international norms.

Plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase health assistance by purchasing the services of Chinese Provincial Health Bureau medical team programs for topically designated areas. Solvency: United States funding of Chinese health workers is an effective method of cooperation in Africa Shinn. 2006. David Shinn, Adjunct Professor of International Affairs at George Washington University. “An Out of the Box Idea: China, Africa, and the United States Health Care Cooperation” Washington Journal of Modern China, Spring/Summer, 2006

Although there are legitimate reasons why …which otherwise has its share of negative pressures. The plan transforms international relations. We have a unique opportunity to cooperate with China over health in order to integrate China into the international system Haas 2k7. Richard N., Director, Policy Planning Staff “China and the Future of U.S.-China Relations” Remarks to the National Committee on U.S.-China Relations December 5, http://www.state.gov/s/p/rem/15687.htm

For thirty years, American strategists have debated how … we intend to "dissuade future military competition."

Provincial Health Bureau medical teams are crucial to China’s hearts and minds campaign in Africa People’s Daily, 6 – October 06, “Chinese Medical Teams Enjoy Reputation in Africa” - http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200610/29/eng20061029_316164.html

A 34-year-old Cameroonian lady has experienced a miracle on herself in the … and "The Most Popular People".

These aid workers would be contracted by USAID from China

USAID 11/5/07 eastafrica.usaid.gov “usaid conducts competition for contracts, grants and cooperative agreements….overseas as American aid”

USAID conducts competition for contracts, grants … Assistance Act be identified appropriately overseas as “American Aid.”

US funding of Chinese health projects in Africa is key to improving relations

Wenping. 2007. He. “Sino-US cooperation can benefit Africa even more” Institute of Finance and Trade Economics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. 4/12/ 07 http://cms.cass.cn/show_News_e.asp?id=13931

As China increasingly puts its political, economic and trade ties … increasing benefits for the African people.

There’s no point in arguing Chinese presence in Africa bad. It’s inevitable Amosu 2k7. Akwe, senior policy analyst for Africa at the Washington Office of the Open Society Institute and a contributor to Foreign Policy In Focus “China in Africa: It’s (Still) the Governance, Stupid” Foreign Policy in Focus, March 9, 2007, http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/4068

In its engagement with Africa, China certainly aims to build a political … there seems little chance that they could do so.

No Link to your corruption disads – USAID contracts aid to ensure effective aid Engber, 05 slate.com “on Thursday, the u.s. state department announced a 50 million….if often minimally involved”

On Thursday, the U.S. State Department announced a … government is often minimally involved.

Westminster (All Teams) – Affirmative – MEDFLAGS

First, Africom will be operational by September—it has the potential to help

Mpuga, 1/23/08 (Douglas, VOA News, U.S. Africa Command Not About Large Troops Or Bases, [|http://www.voanews.com/english/Africa/2008-01-23-voa35.cfm)] The United States Africa Command (AFRICOM) will … regional command headquarters that managed that security assistance.

But, its misperceptions are blocking access to Africa and are inspiring backlash. The US lacks strategic communication and action is necessary to reverse negative perceptions Trevelyen, 1/29 (2008, Mark, Security Correspondent, Reuters, US defers sensitive Africa HQ decision for now, [|http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200801310555.html)] STUTTGART, Germany (Reuters) - A year after President George W. Bush … and acknowledging that Africom had much work to do on its strategic communications. However, this command won’t help U.S.-African relations because its humanitarian focus is too transparent and not supported enough by African governments Africa News. 8/1/07. “Africa: Questioning Africom” No Author Lexis. In October 2008, the United States Africa Command (…source mentioned. For a full archive and other resources, see http://www.africafocus.org U.S. African relations prevent extinction – 2 scenarios: A. Terrorism Terrorism is increasing throughout Africa and Africa is a key source of funding for global networks Lyman et al. 04. (Princeton N., former U.S. Ambassador to South Africa and Nigeria; Ralph Bunche, Senior Fellow and Dir. of Africa Policy Studies @ Council for Foreign Relations; J. Stephen Morrison, Dir. of Africa Program @ CSIS, “The Terrorist Threat in Africa”, Foreign Affairs, January-February, pg. 75, lexis) At the same time, however, the United States has failed …cannot be kept at the back of the queue forever if U.S. security interests are to be advanced. Effective counterterrorism cooperation requires maintaining stable partnerships with African governments Johnson 06 - formerly Commander in Chief Allied Forces, Southern Europe (CINCSOUTH) and Commander, U.S. Naval Forces, Europe (COMUSNAVEUR). (Gregory, “The “Long War” Demands Proactive Engagement in Africa”, October 2, [|http://forums.csis.org/africa/?p=8)] The long war can be won. But to facilitate its success and keep … let’s not miss it. These organizations will gain access to nuclear weapons to be used against the US Dempsey, 6 (Thomas, Director of African Studies @ U.S. Army War College and served as a strategic intelligence analyst for Africa at the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and as Chief of Africa Branch for the Defense Intelligence Agency, Counterterrorism in African Failed States: Challenges and Potential Solutions, April, [|http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub649.pdf)] Raising the Stakes:The Nuclear Dimension of the Terrorist …to apprehend or destroy them will be a complex and difficult task. U.S. global retaliation causes multiple scenarios for nuclear war Corsi, 05 (Jerome, phD in political science from Harvard, excerpt from Atomic Iran, [|http://911review.org/Wget/worldnetdaily.com/NYC_hit_by_terrorist_nuke.html)] The combination of horror and outrage that will surge upon the… would feel a price had to be paid while the country was still capable of exacting revenge. B. Hegemony Stable military relationships with Africa are vital to preventing the collapse of failed states and sustaining U.S. hegemony globally Hall, Colonel in the USAF and US Joint forces command, 03 (Brian, "Air Expeditionary Access The African Connection", [|http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/fal03/hall.html#hall)] The NSS notes that, "together with our European allies, we must …form the greatest foothold once the boots hit the ground.11 U.S.-African relations are vital to sustaining support for U.S. leadership globally Pham, 07 - Nelson Institute for International and Public Affairs at James Madison University (J. Peter, “America in Africa: Securing U.S. Interests and Promoting a Continent’s Development”, [|http://www.jmu.edu/nelsoninstitute/America_in_Africa.pdf)] U.S. foreign policy should acknowledge the importance of Africa in the realm of global multilateral diplomacy… level, winning African support will be key for international support for U.S. global action in the future. US leadership solves all other impacts – collapse of primacy results in great power wars Thayer, 6 (Bradley A., Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Minnesota, Duluth, The National Interest, November -December, “In Defense of Primacy”, lexis) A remarkable fact about international politics today--in a world where American primacy is clearly and … may have the desire, but they do not have the capabilities. Let's face it: for the time being, American primacy remains humanity's only practical hope of solving the world's ills. This could result in global nuclear conflicts in every region of the world Kagan, 07 - senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (Robert, “End of Dreams, Return of History”, 7/19, [|http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2007/07/end_of_dreams_return_of_histor.html)] This is a good thing, and it should continue to be a primary goal of American foreign policy to perpetuate …Difficult as it may be to extend American predominance into the future, no one should imagine that a reduction of American power or a retraction of American influence and global involvement will provide an easier path. Hege is key to decease excess American interventionalism Kagan and Kristol, 2000 (Robert and William, “Present Dangers”, Kagan is a Senior Associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and Kristol is the editor of The Weekly Standard, and a political analyst and commentator, page 13-14 ) It is worth pointing out, though, that a … power that awaits a dramatic challenge before it rouses itself into action. U.S. hegemony isn’t threatening the majority of world powers because it’s focused on preventing shared threats—it makes balancing impossible Lieber and Alexander, 05 (Keir, professor of political science at Notre Dame, and Gerard, professor of politics at the University of Virginia, “Waiting for Balancing: Why the World is not Pushing Back”, International Security, 30.1, 109-139, projectmuse) Why Countries Are Not Balancing against the United States…they nonetheless shared with their allies the goal of containing the Soviet Union.61 Instability in Africa makes military humanitarian intervention is inevitable – The plan decreases the risk of coercive military action BOND, LT COL – US MARINE CORPS, 2002 (Gregory, 1/5, “"Keeping the PEACE?" Can the United States Military Balance the Need to Train for War and Peace?” [|http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA403970)] With the end of the Cold War came the proliferation of local wars by smaller countries….will inevitably continue involvement with peace operations in the future. Professionalization of African militaries is vital to preventing state collapse

Terry Carroll 2001 (Col. US Army; US Army War College Strategy Research Project, Engagement of Marraige: The Case for an Expanded Military Medical Role In Africa; March 27; [|http://www.stormingmedia.us/98/9840/A984093.html)] 34 Militarily, the continent's conflict prevention, … economic, by creating stability and conditions for national growth and development. State failure leads to massive destabilizing migrations, contagious disease spread and proliferation to terrorists and rogue nations culminating in nuclear war

The African Studies Centre et al 2K3 (The Transnational Institute, The Center of Social Studies, Coimbra University, and The Peace Research Center – CIP-FUHEM, “Failed and Collapsed States in the International System,” December, found at: [|http://www.globalpolicy.org/nations/sovereign/failed/2003/12failedcollapsedstates.pdf)] In the malign scenario of global developments the number of … - could be faced with direct attacks on their national security. The Department of Defense should substantially increase military medical health assistance through continuous joint military medical cooperation in topically designated areas. Contention 2: Solvency Expanding Medflag is key - military to military exercises will only have a positive impact if they are focused on humanitarianism, which uniquely resonates with African governments and will spill over to other aspects of foreign policy.

Henk 98 (Dan, member of USAF Institute for National Security Studies and professor of African Affairs at USMA/Army War College, March, “Uncharted Paths, Uncertain Vision: US Military Involvements in sub-Saharan Africa in the Wake of the Cold War, http://www.usafa.af.mil/df/inss/OCP/ocp18.pdf, March 1998) MEDFLAGs. In 1987, the Joint Chiefs of Staff directed … leadership. It builds precisely the kind of relationships that the United States would want in all its regional involvements. Medflag already has the trust of African governments and has achieved a level of sophistication unmatched by any other exercise. Military cooperation on addressing diseases that effect the community is key to increasing understanding between the US and African governments

Fox ’98 (C. William, M.D., Command Surgeon – Joint Readiness Training Center, “Phantom Warriors”, Parameters, Winter, [|http://www.carlisle.army.mil/USAWC/PARAMETERS/97winter/fox.htm)] Addressing the root causes of regional health problems in Africa should become a higher priority for … MEDFLAGs demonstrated on a national scale what might be achieved by similar cooperative efforts involving entire subregions. Only military public health assistance wins the hearts and minds of African populations. That’s key to support for US presence in the region and pressure for African governments to build relations with the United States.

Elspeth cameron ritchie, md and robert l. Mott, md. 2003. “Military Humanitarian Assistance: The Pitfalls and Promise of Good Intentions” http://www.bordeninstitute.army.mil/published_volumes/ethicsVol2/Ethics-ch-25.pdf. A photograph of a US medic caring for a needy child …military and respect for human rights. Short-term military medical cooperation is counterproductive and actually destroys relations by generating rising expectations for long-term medical presence. Only a public health approach that involves military medicine targeted at civilian populations can create a sustainable basis for relations Logee, 07 - Lieutenant Colonel, Army Pediatrician who is currently assigned to Brooke Army Medical Center and director of the San Antonio Military Pediatric Center's civil military-medical training program in Honduras (Douglas, The DISAM Journal, February 2007, "Can We Build a Better Medical Civic Assistance Program?" [|http://www.disam.dsca.mil/pubs/Journal%20Index/Journals/Journal_Index/Vol%2029_1/Lougee.pdf)] Note: HCA = Humanitarian Civic Assistance, SSTRO = Security, Stabilization, Transition, and Reconstruction Operations A common interpretation of military doctrine governing medical HCA is that benefit to host nation… military training-all of which will improve security for U.S. and allies.

Military humanitarianism and the pursuit of soft power creates a liberal democratic check on the military that prevents the worst forms of violence Heins, 05 (Volker, visiting professor of political science at Concordia University and Senior Fellow at the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt, 6 German Law Journal No. 5, May, [|http://www.germanlawjournal.com/article.php?id=598)] According to this basic Principle of Distinction, modern humanitarian …now that it is possible to identify reliable evidence for war crimes from exhumed bodies.[39]

Politics Link Turns

Turn - Solving Diseases in Africa is popular in congress and costs Bush ZERO political capital BALKO 6 – 23 – 3 Freelance Writer from Virginia – Writes for Fox News.com / Tech Central Station / & The Agitator [Radley, “President Bush's $15 Billion Package to Fight AIDS in Africa,” http://www.capmag.com/article.asp?ID=2875] You'll think I'm off my trolley when I say this… the AIDS bill are the least worst way to go. Concessions to dems – not political capital – is key to the agenda CHICAGO TRIBUNE 11 – 8 – 6 The last time that Bush held a post Election Day-press conference, … that direction, it’s going to be a long and difficult two years.’’ The humanitarian aspect of africom stops it from effecting other political issues J. Peter Pham, Director of the Nelson Institute for International and Public Affairs and a Research Fellow of the Institute for Infrastructure and Information Assurance, 2-15-07, World Defense Review, http://worlddefensereview.com/pham021507.shtml In a period when the many within the …divisions stopping at the water's edge. Powerful lobbies drive bipartisan support for increasing aid to Africa and improving relations J. Stephen Morrison, Director, Africa program, Center for Strategic and International Studies. 12/5/05. More than Humanitarianism: A Strategic U.S. Approach to Africa—CFR Task Force Report Release [Rush Transcript; Federal News Service, Inc.] http://www.cfr.org/publication/9371/more_than_humanitarianism.html?breadcrumb=%2Fbios%2F2373%2Fprinceton_n_lyman Good policy cannot be made without good information… as to where we should go as a country and as a nation. Turn - Country selection for MEDFLAG exercises will spark a political battle Carroll ’01 (Colonel Terry, “Engagement or Marriage: The Case for an Expanded Military Medical Role in Africa”, Army War College Strategy Report) More basically, the selection of countries for …opportunity to maximize our African investment. 4. Turn -Congress hates military humanitarianism – they want a traditional military role Peter W. Rodman. 2k 11 December Former United States Secretary of Defense, Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institute, Fellow at the Foreign Policy Institute“U.S. Leadership and the Reform of Western Security Institutions:NATO Enlargement & ESDP” Conference of the German Foreign Policy Association (DGAP) Berlin,. http://www.nixoncenter.org/publications/articles/12_11_00Berlin.pdf. The Republican instinct is also to reserve U.S. combat … crisis, including those of more humanitarian than strategic import Concessions with the democrats are useless –their only goal is to see the Bush administration fail Samuel, 2005. [Terence, January 24, “Democrats Still get a Vote.” US News and World Report. Vol 138, No. 3, Pg. 22. pg. lezis]

There are now expanded GOP majorities …both sides, the realities on the ground suggest a sharply divided, very contentious session ahead. 6. Expanding Medflag operations requires political capital Carroll ’01 (Colonel Terry, “Engagement or Marriage: The Case for an Expanded Military Medical Role in Africa”, Army War College Strategy Report) Transnational disease alone compels the U.S. to engage with Africa…again for our neglect and shortsightedness.’5° Turn - Plan takes away focus from Bush’s Agenda, the White House Legislative Office is only able to focus on one major piece of legislation at a time. Andres, et. al. 2K. [Gary, former deputy assistant to the president for Legislative Affairs for the Bush administration, Septement. “Contemorary Presidency: managing White House- Congressional Relations: Observations from inside the Process.” Presidential Studies Quarterly. Volume 30 page 553. ] The constraint of “time” is another trade-off the …… White House-congressional agenda.