Lexington+LS+Aff

=NEW AFF Lex Juniors ran at NU RR-=

Current Assistance to West Africa is militarized sparking backlash. Humanitarian efforts reverse radicalization and prevent massive African instability.
**__Lubeck__**, **__7__** Paul M “CONVERGENT INTERESTS: U.S. Energy Security and the “Securing” of Nigerian Democracy” (Feb, Center for International Policy, professor of sociology at the University of California, Santa Cruz, has conducted research on Nigeria for three decades and is completing a book on the globalization of Islamic movements. )

__Crupi and Butts 5__
Mr. Francis V. Crupi United States Navy Civilian, and Professor Kent H. Butts 5 Project Advisor, “HETHER THE UNITED STATES SHOULD ROBUSTLY SUPPORT PAN-AFRICAN ORGANIZATIONS, [|http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin /GetTRDoc?AD=ADA434416&Location =U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf]

**Plan text: The United States State Department should substantially increase health infrastructure assistance to Economic Community Of West African States.**

__Lubeck 7__
Paul M. Lubeck, 7, “CONVERGENT INTERESTS: U.S. Energy Security and the “Securing” of Nigerian Democracy” (Feb, Center for International Policy, professor of sociology at the University of California, Santa Cruz, has conducted research on Nigeria for three decades and is completing a book on the globalization of Islamic movements. )

__The Oil Drum 6__
The Oil Drum, Dave Cohen, 2/19/6, [|http://www.theoildrum.com /story/2006/2/3/2193/34505]

__Riddoch 4__
Dr. Malcolm Riddoch, Faculty of Communications and Creative Industries, Edith Cowan University, 6/19/4, [|http://www.melbourne.indymedia .org/news/2004/06/72000 _comment.php]

And, there’s no substitute for West African Oil
__Goldwyn 2004__ (Chairman of the Goldwyn Group, Testimony before the subcommittee on international economic policy, export, and trade promotion, July 15, [|http://www.senate.gov/~foreign /testimony/2004/GoldwynTestimon y040715.pdf])

And, a West Africa super spike causes global depression within months
__Douthwaite, 03__ (Richard, “Oil and the Irish Economy”, [|http://www.constructireland.ie /articles/0210douthwaite.php])

**__Bearden 2K__**
Bearden 2k (Thomas, LTC, US Army, CEO, CTEC Inc., Director, Association of Distinguished American Scientists, Fellow Emeritus, Alpha Foundation's Institute for Advanced Study “The Unnecessary Energy Crisis: How to Solve It Quickly” 6/24) [|http://www.seaspower.com /EnergyCrisis-Bearden.htm]

__Crupi and Butts 5__
Mr. Francis V. Crupi United States Navy Civilian, and Professor Kent H. Butts 5 Project Advisor, “ HETHER THE UNITED STATES SHOULD ROBUSTLY SUPPORT PAN-AFRICAN ORGANIZATIONS, [|http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin /GetTRDoc?AD=ADA434416&Location =U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf] U.S. SUPPORT FOR ECOWAS AS A WAY TO ENSURE ACCESS TO OIL

Advantage 2: Democracy
**Democracy is spreading - Africa is a vital spot for the support of democratic reforms -they are making changes already - US support in the form of unconditioned unattached assistance is vital to success**. __Lyman 7/17__ "Prepared Testimony Before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Subcommittee on African Affairs"

__Lubeck 7__
Paul M. Lubeck, 7, “CONVERGENT INTERESTS: U.S. Energy Security and the “Securing” of Nigerian Democracy” (Feb, Center for International Policy, professor of sociology at the University of California, Santa Cruz, has conducted research on Nigeria for three decades and is completing a book on the globalization of Islamic movements. )

__Lubeck 7__
Paul M. Lubeck, 7, “CONVERGENT INTERESTS: U.S. Energy Security and the “Securing” of Nigerian Democracy” (Feb, Center for International Policy, professor of sociology at the University of California, Santa Cruz, has conducted research on Nigeria for three decades and is completing a book on the globalization of Islamic movements. )

__Pham 7__
J. Peter Pham __,__ director of the Nelson Institute for International and Public Affairs at James Madison University, 3/1/7, The Battle for Nigeria, [|__http://www.nationalinterest .org/Article.aspx?id=13702__]

And Political instability in Africa causes war between opportunistic trade blocs
**__Hameso 99__** (Seyoum, Independent scholar, author of several books on ethnicity in Africa, "Global Power, Democracy, and Profit in Africa," September issue, [|http://www.sidamaconcern.com /articles/globalisation.html] MP)

And – war between superpowers results in extinction
**__RICE 1__** [Fredric Rice, The Skeptic Tank Research Group,“The unleashed power of the atom has changed everything save our modes of thinking” June 1 2001 [|__http://www.skepticfiles.org /conspire/beyondwr.htm__] MP]

And, African democratization empirically works, but US engagement is key to sustain its transition
Strobe **__Talbott__**, Deputy Secretary of State, December 19 **__96__** “Democracy and the National Interest”, __Foreign Affairs__

And, we outweigh on Timeframe - the new government’s credibility is on the brink, and must quickly prove its legitimacy – now is the key time
Jean __Herskovits__, Professor of History at the State University of New York, “Nigeria's Rigged Democracy,” Foreign Affairs, July/August 20 __07__

__Ranck 7__
Alicia Ranck, Intern and Roseline Fodouop Tekeu, Program Assistant, Africa Program. Africa Program The Role of ECOWAS in Achieving the Economic Integration of West Africa October 19 2007, 10:00 a.m. - 11:30 a.m. [|www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm ?topic_id=1417&fuseaction =topics.event_summary&event_id =295193]

__Thomas Greenfield 6__
**Linda Thomas-Greenfield, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for African Affairs. October 27, 2006 Center for Strategic and International Studies Washington, DC. “Remarks on U.S. Assistance to Nigeria”**

And the US State department is key; other agencies triggers African suspicions turning case
**__Africa Action, 2/6__** (“AFRICOM: The Militarization of U.S.-Africa Policy Revealed” - [|http://www.africaaction.org /newsroom/index.php?op=read &documentid=2763&type=15 &issues=256&regions=32])

Instability in Africa makes humanitarian intervention is inevitable – The plan decreases the risk of coercive military action
__BOND__ **,** LT COL – US MARINE CORPS, 2002 (Gregory, 1/5, “"Keeping the PEACE?" Can the United States Military Balance the Need to Train for War and Peace?” [|http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2 /ADA403970] )

Humanitarianism and the pursuit of soft power creates a liberal democratic check on the military that prevents the worst forms of violence
__Heins, 05__ ( Volker, visiting professor of political science at Concordia University and Senior Fellow at the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt, 6 German Law Journal No. 5, May, [|__http://www.germanlawjournal .com/article.php?id=598__] )

=Lexington LS – Affirmative – LGBT – At-Large Team=

Contention 1: Inherency

Throughout Latin America and Asia the US provides assistance to Gay Lesbian Bisexual and Transgender organizations to prevent AIDS. Yet despite small programs funding is insufficient in Africa

Cary Alan Johnson, Senior Specialist for Africa at the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission, 2007 (Off the Map: How HIV AIDS Programming is Failing Same-Sex Practicing People in Africa, http://www.iglhrc.org/files/iglhrc/otm/Off%20The%20Map.pdf, p81-83)

In almost every country … men who have sex with men in Ghana.21

This lack of funding actively marginalizes GLBTQ Africans from critical health services

Cary Alan Johnson, Senior Specialist for Africa at the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission, 2007 (Off the Map: How HIV AIDS Programming is Failing Same-Sex Practicing People in Africa, http://www.iglhrc.org/files/iglhrc/otm/Off%20The%20Map.pdf, p57)

With some notable exceptions, ... pass their STIs on to others.143

Contention 2: A Deadly Silence

American conservative funding policies propagate the belief that there are no African homosexuals

Cary Alan Johnson, Senior Specialist for Africa at the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission, 2007 (Off the Map: How HIV AIDS Programming is Failing Same-Sex Practicing People in Africa, http://www.iglhrc.org/files/iglhrc/otm/Off%20The%20Map.pdf, p1-3)

With slightly more than … restrictive funding policies of the United States.

This erasure of African homosexuality establishes an African heterosexual AIDS distinct from American Gay AIDS. This splitting of the epidemic allows the west to continue blaming AIDS on Africans and Gays through imperialist myths of hypersexuality and racist origin stories.

Cindy Patton, assistant professor of communications @ Temple University and long time activist in the Lesbian/Gay community, 1993 (The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader, p127-136, [|http://books.google.com/books?id=PaNdHqo-9wIC&pg=PA137&lpg=PA137&dq=african+denial+of+homosexuality&source=web&ots=kO_LEaczEw&sig=Fm5G6DsrdiNFUUJ3TGsSZH5--Ro#PPA127,M1)]

Current AIDS-control efforts…exorbitant factors

And a genocidal nuclear family model is imposed onto these myths. PATTON 93 (same cite)

In order to … controllable bourgeois family units

This Imperialist location of blame along racial and sexual lines forces violent modes of containment while allowing the underlying cause of disease to go unchallenged. This causes extinction through slate wiping epidemics and the normalization of nuclear weapons, economic oppression, and environmental destruction

Steve Eckhardt, writer for Z Magazine, 1994 http://zena.secureforum.com/Znet/zmag/articles/jan94eckhardt.htm

Today viruses of …And if the prospect of human extermination doesn't pose the need for revolutionary change, what does?

And the genocidal attempt to prevent AIDS by eliminating gays and others outside the perceived protection of the nuclear family attempts eliminate the permanent causing extinction

A global system cannot be built on calculations that allow the sacrifice of whole populations. Such notions of disposability historically have proven to be false excuses for mass murder that accelerate the trend towards extinction

Santos, 2003 [Boaventura de Sousa, Professor of Sociology at the School of Economics, University of Coimbra (Portugal) and Distinguished Legal Scholar at the University of Wisconsin-Madison Law School., Collective Suicide?, http://www.ces.uc.pt/opiniao/bss/072en.php] RG

According to Franz Hinkelammert, … the real axis of evil: neoliberalism plus war.

Such a system is a perversion of utilitarianism, turning it into an irrational method of legitimizing atrocity

Michael WILLIAMS Int’l Politics @ Aberystwyth ‘5 The Realist Tradition and the Limits of International Relations p. 172-173

If viewed simply as … would have little resonance in the realist tradition

Plan: The United States federal government should provide all necessary grants for Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome prevention services in West, East, Central, and Southern Africa that include services for men who have sex with men and women who have sex with women.

Contention 3: Solvency

Increased grants to African GLBT groups helps prevent AIDS and challenge discriminatory views of homosexuality

Cary Alan Johnson, Senior Specialist for Africa at the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission, 2007 (Off the Map: How HIV AIDS Programming is Failing Same-Sex Practicing People in Africa, http://www.iglhrc.org/files/iglhrc/otm/Off%20The%20Map.pdf, p97-102)

As soon as the … and the state itself.

Our advocacy of increased AIDS assistance for gays and lesbians breaks the oppressive silence on homosexuality in Africa

Edwin Cameron, South African Supreme Court of Appeal Justice and Rhodes Scholar, 2007 (Off the Map: How HIV AIDS Programming is Failing Same-Sex Practicing People in Africa, http://www.iglhrc.org/files/iglhrc/otm/Off%20The%20Map.pdf, pvii-ix)

Across Africa, for too many … engage in that struggle.

US action is critical, it defines the discourse surrounding AIDS

Cary Alan Johnson, Senior Specialist for Africa at the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission, 2007 (Off the Map: How HIV AIDS Programming is Failing Same-Sex Practicing People in Africa, http://www.iglhrc.org/files/iglhrc/otm/Off%20The%20Map.pdf, p72)

External funding constitutes … deciding how AIDS money will be spent.

And our responsibility cannot be passed to others, doing so reproduces the split in the epidemic and sustains exclusionary policies

AIDS is not my problem … and you create your own media