Lexington+ZT+-+Alex+Zendeh+&+Lara+Townzen+aff

=NEW AFF Lex Juniors ran at NU RR-=

Current Assistance to West Africa is militarized sparking backlash. Humanitarian efforts reverse radicalization and prevent massive African instability.
**__Lubeck__**, **__7__** Paul M “CONVERGENT INTERESTS: U.S. Energy Security and the “Securing” of Nigerian Democracy” (Feb, Center for International Policy, professor of sociology at the University of California, Santa Cruz, has conducted research on Nigeria for three decades and is completing a book on the globalization of Islamic movements. )

__Crupi and Butts 5__
Mr. Francis V. Crupi United States Navy Civilian, and Professor Kent H. Butts 5 Project Advisor, “HETHER THE UNITED STATES SHOULD ROBUSTLY SUPPORT PAN-AFRICAN ORGANIZATIONS, [|http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin /GetTRDoc?AD=ADA434416&Location =U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf]

**Plan text: The United States State Department should substantially increase health infrastructure assistance to Economic Community Of West African States.**

__Lubeck 7__
Paul M. Lubeck, 7, “CONVERGENT INTERESTS: U.S. Energy Security and the “Securing” of Nigerian Democracy” (Feb, Center for International Policy, professor of sociology at the University of California, Santa Cruz, has conducted research on Nigeria for three decades and is completing a book on the globalization of Islamic movements. )

__The Oil Drum 6__
The Oil Drum, Dave Cohen, 2/19/6, [|http://www.theoildrum.com /story/2006/2/3/2193/34505]

__Riddoch 4__
Dr. Malcolm Riddoch, Faculty of Communications and Creative Industries, Edith Cowan University, 6/19/4, [|http://www.melbourne.indymedia .org/news/2004/06/72000 _comment.php]

And, there’s no substitute for West African Oil
__Goldwyn 2004__ (Chairman of the Goldwyn Group, Testimony before the subcommittee on international economic policy, export, and trade promotion, July 15, [|http://www.senate.gov/~foreign /testimony/2004/GoldwynTestimon y040715.pdf])

And, a West Africa super spike causes global depression within months
__Douthwaite, 03__ (Richard, “Oil and the Irish Economy”, [|http://www.constructireland.ie /articles/0210douthwaite.php])

**__Bearden 2K__**
Bearden 2k (Thomas, LTC, US Army, CEO, CTEC Inc., Director, Association of Distinguished American Scientists, Fellow Emeritus, Alpha Foundation's Institute for Advanced Study “The Unnecessary Energy Crisis: How to Solve It Quickly” 6/24) [|http://www.seaspower.com /EnergyCrisis-Bearden.htm]

__Crupi and Butts 5__
Mr. Francis V. Crupi United States Navy Civilian, and Professor Kent H. Butts 5 Project Advisor, “ HETHER THE UNITED STATES SHOULD ROBUSTLY SUPPORT PAN-AFRICAN ORGANIZATIONS, [|http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin /GetTRDoc?AD=ADA434416&Location =U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf] U.S. SUPPORT FOR ECOWAS AS A WAY TO ENSURE ACCESS TO OIL

Advantage 2: Democracy
**Democracy is spreading - Africa is a vital spot for the support of democratic reforms -they are making changes already - US support in the form of unconditioned unattached assistance is vital to success**. __Lyman 7/17__ "Prepared Testimony Before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Subcommittee on African Affairs"

__Lubeck 7__
Paul M. Lubeck, 7, “CONVERGENT INTERESTS: U.S. Energy Security and the “Securing” of Nigerian Democracy” (Feb, Center for International Policy, professor of sociology at the University of California, Santa Cruz, has conducted research on Nigeria for three decades and is completing a book on the globalization of Islamic movements. )

__Lubeck 7__
Paul M. Lubeck, 7, “CONVERGENT INTERESTS: U.S. Energy Security and the “Securing” of Nigerian Democracy” (Feb, Center for International Policy, professor of sociology at the University of California, Santa Cruz, has conducted research on Nigeria for three decades and is completing a book on the globalization of Islamic movements. )

__Pham 7__
J. Peter Pham __,__ director of the Nelson Institute for International and Public Affairs at James Madison University, 3/1/7, The Battle for Nigeria, [|__http://www.nationalinterest .org/Article.aspx?id=13702__]

And Political instability in Africa causes war between opportunistic trade blocs
**__Hameso 99__** (Seyoum, Independent scholar, author of several books on ethnicity in Africa, "Global Power, Democracy, and Profit in Africa," September issue, [|http://www.sidamaconcern.com /articles/globalisation.html] MP)

And – war between superpowers results in extinction
**__RICE 1__** [Fredric Rice, The Skeptic Tank Research Group,“The unleashed power of the atom has changed everything save our modes of thinking” June 1 2001 [|__http://www.skepticfiles.org /conspire/beyondwr.htm__] MP]

And, African democratization empirically works, but US engagement is key to sustain its transition
Strobe **__Talbott__**, Deputy Secretary of State, December 19 **__96__** “Democracy and the National Interest”, __Foreign Affairs__

And, we outweigh on Timeframe - the new government’s credibility is on the brink, and must quickly prove its legitimacy – now is the key time
Jean __Herskovits__, Professor of History at the State University of New York, “Nigeria's Rigged Democracy,” Foreign Affairs, July/August 20 __07__

__Ranck 7__
Alicia Ranck, Intern and Roseline Fodouop Tekeu, Program Assistant, Africa Program. Africa Program The Role of ECOWAS in Achieving the Economic Integration of West Africa October 19 2007, 10:00 a.m. - 11:30 a.m. [|www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm ?topic_id=1417&fuseaction =topics.event_summary&event_id =295193]

__Thomas Greenfield 6__
**Linda Thomas-Greenfield, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for African Affairs. October 27, 2006 Center for Strategic and International Studies Washington, DC. “Remarks on U.S. Assistance to Nigeria”**

And the US State department is key; other agencies triggers African suspicions turning case
**__Africa Action, 2/6__** (“AFRICOM: The Militarization of U.S.-Africa Policy Revealed” - [|http://www.africaaction.org /newsroom/index.php?op=read &documentid=2763&type=15 &issues=256&regions=32])

Instability in Africa makes humanitarian intervention is inevitable – The plan decreases the risk of coercive military action
__BOND__ **,** LT COL – US MARINE CORPS, 2002 (Gregory, 1/5, “"Keeping the PEACE?" Can the United States Military Balance the Need to Train for War and Peace?” [|http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2 /ADA403970] )

Humanitarianism and the pursuit of soft power creates a liberal democratic check on the military that prevents the worst forms of violence
__Heins, 05__ ( Volker, visiting professor of political science at Concordia University and Senior Fellow at the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt, 6 German Law Journal No. 5, May, [|__http://www.germanlawjournal .com/article.php?id=598__] )

=Lexington TZ – Affirmative – South Africa ARV’s=

Contention 1: Inherency South Africa’s lack of business expertise, international collaboration, and technical proficiency devastates its ability to become a pharmaceutical world leader. South African Department of Science and Technology, 7 (8/14, “INNOVATION TOWARDS A KNOWLEDGE-BASED ECONOMY Ten-Year Plan for South Africa “ - [|http://www.nstf.org.za/minutes/plenary_minutes/10_YEAR_INNOVATION_PLAN14_AUGUST_2007.pdf)] Over the next decade... treatment and cure Current US technical assistance promotes big pharmaceutical company’s monopolies over innovation. The US should shift its assistance to promote public health through affordable medicine. Brant 3, writer for Oxfam International (Jennifer, November, “Robbing the Poor to Pay the Rich? How the United States keeps medicines from the world’s poorest”) TRIPS-plus technical assistance ... the pharmaceutical industry. The United States federal government should provide necessary technical assistance to South Africa to improve public health through increased access to medicines Contention 2: Neglected Diseases Bush just launched multiple initiatives to target neglected diseases increase trade with Africa America.gov 2/20 (“Africa: Bush Explains Focus of Africa Military Command” - [|http://allafrica.com/stories/200802210027.html)] Bush also announced... growth and development. US assistance is inevitable – however, failure to lower drug prices results in less effective and more expensive aid in the future. Crook, Berkeley Journal of International Law, law review, 5 [“ARTICLE: Balacing Intellectual Property Protection with the Human Right to Health”, 25 Berkeley J. Int'l L. 524, Jamie Crook, 3-12-07] p. Lexis One might argue ...from patent relaxation. Lack of technical capacity devastates efforts to confront diseases neglected diseases Salicrup et al. 4, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Office of Technology Transfer (OTT), Rockville, Maryland, United States (Luis A., November, “Developing Health R&D Systems: Partnerships for Capacity Building in International Technology Transfer”) The lack of ... and economic growth. Emerging disease spread causes extinction Butler 4, While I'm not a tropical biologist (my background is in math and economics), I have been studying tropical rainforests for more than a decade. More importantly, the information sources (peer-reviewed journals, respected researchers, etc) used by mongabay.com are credible. Further the site has been praised by a number of well-respected conservation biologists -- including Dr. Russell Mittermeier of Conservation International, Dr. Peter Raven of the Missouri Botanical Gardens, William F. Laurance of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, and Dr. David L. Pearson of Arizona State University, among others. (“LOSS OF SPECIES FOR FOREST REGENERATION “ - [|http://rainforests.mongabay.com/0904.htm)] The emergence of ...around the world. Technology exchange under a looser intellectual property model jumpstarts the South African pharmaceutical sector making it a regional supplier for neglected diseases. Jiao, associate at Clifford Chance in New York, NY, will graduate from the Benjamin N. Cardozo Law School in 2007, 2007 [Chenxi, “The Negative Effects of Pharmaceuticals in the South African Industry”, Lexis] Also, the public... for neglected diseases.

The US has unique leadership and technical expertise to perform the exchange – essential to building global contacts and South African export capacity Salicrup 4, Office of Technology Transfer, National Institutes of Health, U.S Department of Health and Human Services (Luis A., November, “Partnerships in Technology Transfer: An Innovative Program to Move Biomedical and Health Research from the Laboratory to Worldwide Application”) The NIH/OTT and International ... stimulate economic development. US stance on disease-related technological exchange in Africa sends a crucial global signal – critical to sustained international technical exchange and long term international promotion of public health over patents. Morrison, the director of the Africa program at CSIS, 1 [J. Stephen, “The African Pandemic Hits Washington,” The Washington Quarterly 24:1 pp. 197–209, Project MUSE] Efforts are needed... possible in Africa. Pharmaceutical innovation spills over sparking a transition to a knowledge-based economy. South African Department of Science and Technology, 7 (8/14, “INNOVATION TOWARDS A KNOWLEDGE-BASED ECONOMY Ten-Year Plan for South Africa “ - [|http://www.nstf.org.za/minutes/plenary_minutes/10_YEAR_INNOVATION_PLAN14_AUGUST_2007.pdf)] The key objective ...innovation and growth. South African economic success sets a model for other African countries. Joseph 97,  Ambassador of the United States of America to South Africa (James A, “United States - South Africa Relations” African Security Review Vol 6 no 3, 1997) WHY SOUTH AFRICA? When asked at... values and interests. That ends the cycle of dependence solving poverty T.W. Oshikoya and M. Nureldin Hussain, African Development Bank, "Information Technology and the Challenge of Economic Development in Africa", 7/18/06 [|link] The recent advances... about to change"

Poverty causes extinction through the inevitable proliferation of insanely destructive devices Carrico 6 Dale Carrico March 10, 2006 lecturer in the Department of Rhetoric at the University of California at Berkeley, PhD, Uc Berkeley, Visiting Faculty, Liberal Arts, San Francisco Art Institute, Human Rights Fellow, Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies (IEET) amormundi.blogspot.com/2006/03/technology-and-terror.html I believe that ... with destruction. Poverty is comparatively more destructive than a nuclear war James Gilligan, Department of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, 2K edition, Violence: Reflections on Our Deadliest Epidemic, p. 195-196 The 14 to 18 ... throughout the world.

Contention 3: South African Relations Strict US IP policy devastates our relationship with South Africa – only changing our policy restores their trust. Mbizwo 5, Reuters (Alfonce, Apr 29, AIDS Drugs Dog U.S.-Southern Africa Trade Deal) The United States ... for the Americas.

Small compromises and boosts to trade partnerships cement long-term relations between the US and South Africa. Bhatia 6, US ambassador and deputy US trade representative (Karan, April 18, “US committed to strengthening trade relationship with Sacu” - [|http://www.busrep.co.za/index.php?fArticleId=3206362&fSectionId=2516&fSetId=662)] This year presents... opportunities before us. Boosting our partnership is key to access to strategic minerals and securing the Cape of Good Hope Scott E. Siverson, attorney, Spring 1994, Pace International Law Review [“COMMENTS: WHERE A TAX DISADVANTAGE LOOMS LARGE: INTEREST EXPENSE AND THE AMERICAN CORPORATE RETURN TO SOUTH AFRICA”, 6 Pace Int'l L. Rev. 353, 11-24-07] p. Lexis As South Africa's... Cape of Good Hope. South Africa is uniquely key to strategic minerals – the majority of them originate or are shipped from South African ports David K. Shipler, 2/8/87, US Reliance on South African Minerals Cited, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DEFDD1138F93BA35751C0A961948260 The State Department ... and transportation system.'' Strategic minerals are key to US economic and technological competitiveness Gilda A. Jackson, USMC Major, 1988 [“Strategic Mineral- U.S. Vulnerability”, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1988/JGA.htm, 11-24-07] Strategic minerals are ... critical strategic minerals. Loss of competitiveness spills over into every sector of the economy, and causes a collapse Connolly 2 (Bernard| Chief Global Strategist, AIG| Dark Vision for the World Economy| http://www.usagold.com/gildedopinion/Connolly.html| But as capital ... and political chaos. An economic decline causes extinction T.E. Bearden LTC U.S. Army (ret) Director of Association of Distinguished American Scientists and Fellow Emeritus, Alpha Foundation’s Institute for Advanced Study, The Unnecessary Energy Crisis: How to Solve It Quickly, 6-24-2k, http://www.seaspower.com/EnergyCrisis-Bearden.htm History bears out... for many decades. Expanded military presence in South African seas maintains US hegemony preventing regional conflict Schutz 1, Co-Chairman of the African Policy Initiative Group (Barry, May 16, “African Oil” - [|http://www.iasps.org/strategic/africawhitepaper.pdf)] Forward Military Presence ... and economic zones. Expanding the number of Sea lines of communication controlled by the US is crucial to hegemony Lieutenant Colonel Reynolds B. Peele, USMC, served in virtually every infantry leadership billet, spent nine months in G-5, Marine Forces Pacific, working with various joint and strategic issues, including sea lines of communication and chokepoints, Paramaters, Summer 1997, “the Importance of maritime chokepoints”, http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/97summer/peele.htm Sir Walter Raleigh... of national power. The collapse of U.S. leadership causes great power wars Thayer 6 [Bradley A., Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Minnesota, Duluth, The National Interest, November -December, "In Defense of Primacy", lexis] A remarkable fact... the world's ills. Sea power prevents nuclear conflicts in every region of the world Kagan 7 - senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (Robert, “End of Dreams, Return of History”, 7/19, [|http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2007/07/end_of_dreams_return_of_histor.html)] This is a good... on the ground.

2AC ASSORTED STUFF Previously Read Add-Ons: Increased AIDS pressure leads to selling of nuclear technology to rogue states like Iran. Ashley B. Tessmer, National Security Agency, 2002 [“PROSPECTS FOR SOUTH AFRICA AS A REGIONAL STABILIZER AND U.S. ENGAGEMENT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA”, 11-28-07] p. GoogleScholar Of all these... nation of concern. AT: Politics (didn't include generic N/U and Internal Link cards) Turn- Access to cheaper drugs enables rejection of Pharma lobbying power COOPER et al. 1, Staff Reporters of THE WALL STREET JOURNAL (HELENE, March 2, “AIDS Epidemic Puts Drug Firms In a Vise: Treatment vs. Profits” - [|http://www.globaltreatmentaccess.org/content/press_releases/a01/030201_WSJ_sa_lawsuit.html)] Moreover, the U.S. ... drug company patents. Democrats like increasing access and they'll fight the pharmas Martin Vaughan, staff writer, 5-17-07, [“US To Loosen Drug Patent Provisions In Some Trade Deals”, http://www.ip-watch.org/weblog/index.php?p=622&res=1280&print=0, 5-20-07] Key House Democrats ... would undermine innovation. Bipartisan support for generics over pharma lobby. Robin Gross, IP Justice Executive Director, Bush and Big Pharma Team Up to Discredit WHO and Generic Medicines: Drug Companies’ Influence on Health Care Policy Worsens Global AIDS Crisis, May 2005. Hundreds of signatories ... Africa and elsewhere.” Republicans hate the plan- pharmaceutical industries that control them have forced them to reject it before Anupam Chander, Professor of Law at UC Davis, 3/6/03 “The Fight Over Patent Protection for Pharmaceuticals” http://writ.news.findlaw.com/commentary/20030306_chander.html [Naomi] By December 2002...reject the compromise

China Link Turn Turn- China likes the plan, Chinese companies protest pharma IPR Jeffrey A. Andrews, Associate, Locke Lidell & Sapp LLP, Houston, PhD from Duke, MFS from Yale, BS/BA from University of Rochester, Winter 2006, Loyola of Los Angeles International & Comparative Law Review [“ARTICLE: Pfizer's Viagra Patent and the Promise of Patent Protection”, 28 Loy. L.A. Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 1, 11-29-07] p. Lexis It is important ... patent in China.