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Notre Dame (All Teams) – Affirmative – Global Health Service

The United States federal government should establish a Global Health Service to expand the capacity of community health workers in the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief focus countries in the area designated by the resolution.

Assistance is being increased but are useless and ineffective without a more robust health care workforce. Mullan, et al – 05 – Professor of Prevention and Community Health at George Washington University (Fitzhugh Mullan, Claire Panosian, Patricia Cuff, Editors, Board of Global Health at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, Healers Abroad: Americans Responding to the Human Resource Crisis in HIV/AIDS, 4-19-2005, Preface, www.nap.edu/catalog/11270.html#toc ceb) Throughout history, human beings … insufficient human capacity in many developing countries to absorb, apply, and make efficient use of these new funds and critical health initiatives. In particular, Africa’s poor health infrastructure cripples efforts to prevent disease spread Garret, 7 (Laurie, Senior Fellow for Global Health at the Council on Foreign Relations, “Prepared Statement Before the Senate Subcommittee on State, Foreign Operations and Related Programs,” 4-18-2007, www.cfr.org/publication/13130/) Public health systems keep babies and children alive. Medical … of public health and medical care In the short term, there will be millions of preventable deaths EACH YEAR States News Service, 7 (“Bipartisan Group of Senators Introduce African Health Capacity Investment of 2007”, March 7, Lexis-Nexis Universe) Senators Dick Durbin (D-IL), Norm Coleman (R-MN) and … and ensuring our efforts to fight these diseases succeed." The impact outweighs any disadvantage – AIDS kills hundreds of millions of people, causes genocide, ethnic cleansing and economic collapse – this both makes war more likely and magnifies its impact Singer, 2 (Peter W., Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution: Director of the 21st Century Defense Initiative, PhD in Government Harvard University, Department of Defense-Balkans Task Force, “AIDS and International Security”, Spring 2002, Survival Vol. 44, No. 1, Spring 2002, Pg. 145-148, www.brookings.edu/dybdocroot/views/articles/fellows/2002_singer.pdf) At the start of the new century, the AIDS epidemic is … million more will be infected just by 2005. The cycle of AIDS transmission and war will allow the virus to mutate, become airborne and spread worldwide Singer, 2 (Peter W., Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution: Director of the 21st Century Defense Initiative, PhD in Government Harvard University, Department of Defense-Balkans Task Force, “AIDS and International Security”, Spring 2002, Survival Vol. 44, No. 1, Spring 2002, Pg. 145-148, www.brookings.edu/dybdocroot/views/articles/fellows/2002_singer.pdf) New Disease Threats Wars also lead to the uprooting and … traced back to some ignored conflict elsewhere. The impact is extinction Muchiri, 2000 (Michael Kibaara; Staff Member at Ministry of Education in Nairobi; “Will Annan finally put out Africa’s fires?” Jakarta Post; March 6; Lexis-Nexis Universe) The executive director of UNAIDS, Peter …the black race and maybe the human race. A Global Health Service will mobilize thousands of health workers – federal leadership is key Mullan, 7 (Fitzhugh, MD, Department of Health Policy, George Washington University, JAMA, “Responding to the Global HIV/AIDS Crisis: A Peace Corps for Health,” 2-21-2007, 297:744-746, American Medical Association Journals database) This modest level of mobilization is in sharp contrast to the clear … say something about the United States—a message the world needs to hear. Without the plan all current health workers will give up – the plan is key to solve for disease. Mullan, et al – 05 – Professor of Prevention and Community Health at George Washington University (Fitzhugh Mullan, Claire Panosian, Patricia Cuff, Editors, Board of Global Health at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, Healers Abroad: Americans Responding to the Human Resource Crisis in HIV/AIDS, 4-19-2005, Preface, www.nap.edu/catalog/11270.html#toc ceb) Human beings are the heart of health care. It is … accomplish this task alone.

The Global Health Service will quickly serve as a catalyst to build new healthcare capacity Davis, 5 (Paul Davis, Director of Government Relations @ Health Global Access Project,“Strategic US Initiatives for Health Workforce Self Sufficiency in Developing Nations,” Health Gap Global Access Project, 12-1-2005, [|http://healthgap.org/HCWmemo.html)] This paper seeks to describe initiatives to sustainably achieve health … members could supervise and train community members while integrating them into the local health system. Community health workers provide a long-term solution to Africa’s healthcare worker shortage – they won’t migrate from the country Dovio, 5 (Dr. Delanyo Dovlo, Chief of Party @ Population Council, Accra, Ghana and Former District Director of Medical Services, Former Regional Director in the Western Region, and the Former National Director of Human Resource Development. “Filling the gaps: Introducing substitute health workers in Africa.” id21 Insights Health, Vol 7, August 2005, www.id21.org/insights/insights-h07/insights-issh07-art05.html) Massive shortages in trained health care professionals in sub-… for SHWs are lower than for the staff they are replacing. The plan will create a sustainable health system that is not susceptible to brain drain Davis, 5 (Paul Davis, Director of Government Relations @ Health Global Access Project,“Strategic US Initiatives for Health Workforce Self Sufficiency in Developing Nations,” Health Gap Global Access Project, 12-1-2005, [|http://healthgap.org/HCWmemo.html)] It takes a long time to train the numbers of doctors and nurses necessary to meet US … to graduate new healthcare professionals.

Finally, action against AIDS in Africa will lay the groundwork for stemming the spread of the disease globally Morrison, 1 (J. Stephen, director of the Africa program at CSIS, The Washington Quarterly, Winter, “The African Pandemic Hits Washington,” [|http://www.twq.com/winter01/morrison.pdf)] We finally began to recognize, at the end of the 1990s, that HIV/… set back progress and redefine global perceptions of what is possible in Africa. Contention 2- Public Diplomacy U.S. credibility is at an all time low – a commitment to public health is necessary to repair America’s image Fortin, 7 (Fred, worked in health care delivery for over 35 years and his experience ranges from mental health crisis intervention, child abuse prevention, studying AIDS in Africa, to university teaching and corporate health care strategic policy development, World Health Care Blog, “Soft Power and U.S. Health Care Revisited,” 6-12-2007, www.worldhealthcareblog.org/2007/06/12/soft-power-and-us-health-care-revisited/) I’ve argued previously that every health care issue confronting us today has underlying … are still burdened with living in this world and it still remains our job to make it work. Building upon the PEPFAR will help the U.S. rekindle international partnerships and create a sustainable foundation for benevolent hegemony The Lancet, 5 (Editorial, “America at home and abroad,” Jan 1-Jan 7, 2005, vol. 365, no. 945, Proquest) In international affairs, Bush's biggest task is to repair America's strained …, empathie, and secure superpower. Strategic humanitarianism will mute international criticism of U.S. unilateralism Kassalow and Fox, 2001 (Jordan S. Kassalow, Henry Crown Fellow at the Aspen Institute and a Draper Richards Fellow and is on the Board of Lighthouse International, on the Medical Advisory Board of Helen Keller International, Daniel M. Fox, President of the Milbank Memorial Fund and advisor @ Health Sciences Center of the State University of New York, World Health News, “Making Health a Priority for US Foreign Policy”, October 26, 2001, [|http://www.cfr.org/publication/4143/making_health_a_priority_for_us_foreign_policy.html)] This country's humanitarian commitment … political, economic, and ethical history of our country In particular, the Global Health Service will uniquely foster relationships and multicultural understanding to overwhelm anti-American abroad Mullan, et al, 5 (Fitzhugh Mullan, Professor of Prevention and Community Health at George Washington University, Claire Panosian, Patricia Cuff, Editors, Board of Global Health at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, Healers Abroad: Americans Responding to the Human Resource Crisis in HIV/AIDS, 4-19-2005 Humanitarianism marks the recently augmented public … cross-border personal networks Public diplomacy overcomes issues like Iraq by helping to justify and explain US actions Gedmin and Kennedy, 3 (Jeffrey Gedmin, director of the Aspen Institute Berlin and Craig Kennedy, president of the German Marshall Fund of the United States; “Selling America – Short,” The National Interest, Winter 2003, [|http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2751/is_74/ai_112411720)] Traditional diplomacy can only go so far. … consider what additional lessons history can offer A commitment to improving public health abroad is essential to reverse negative perceptions of the U.S. and sustain soft power leadership Benatar & Fox, 5 (Solomon R. Benatar – Professor of Medicine and Bioethics at the University of Capetown, and Renée C. Fox – Professor of Sociology and Bioethics at the University of Pennsylvania, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, “Meeting Threats to Global Health: A call for American leadership,” 48.3 (2005) 344-361, Project Muse, JMP) Self-Interest as a Force for Improving Global Health Just as America has sought widespread solidarity in its campaign against terrorism, so … the threats to and the potential for global health. Soft power is key to hard power – its decline will cause domestic isolationism Nye, 4 (Joseph, dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard, Political Science Quarterly, Summer) THE COSTS OF IGNORING SOFT POWER … more effectively to explain our common interests. The collapse of U.S. soft power will shatter global cooperation – making nuclear proliferation, environmental destruction, failed states and diseases inevitable Reiffel, 5 (Lex, Visiting Fellow at the Global Economy and Development Center of the Brookings Institution, The Brookings Institution, Reaching Out: Americans Serving Overseas, 12-27-2005, www.brookings.edu/views/papers/20051207rieffel.pdf) Finally, the collapse of U.S. leadership will unleash conflicts – resulting great power wars Thayer, 6 (Bradley A., Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Minnesota, Duluth, The National Interest, November -December, “In Defense of Primacy”, lexis) Contention 3 - Bioterrorism The threat of bioterrorism is real and growing O’Toole 2007 (Tara, “Hearing on Bioterrorism Preparadness and the Role of DHS Chief Medical Officer,” testimony before Congress, Center for Biosecurity, March 29, [|http://www.upmc-biosecurity.org/website/resources/hearings/content/Hearings_2007/20070329-btprepanddhscmo.html)] Bioterrorism is an Urgent and Growing … with the national security implications of this analysis. The Global Health Service will allow the CDC and NIH to maintain expertise in diseases that are potential bioterrorist agents Smolinski et al. 03 – Director of the Global Health and Security Initiative at Nuclear Threat Initiative [Marks. Smolinski (Former Senior Program Officer at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academics of Science and Epidemic Intelligence Officer for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Margaret A. Hamburg (Vice President for Biological Programs at Nuclear Threat Initiative), & Joshua Lederberg (Directs the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Informatics at The Rockefeller University) Editors, Board on Global Health at the institute of the National Academics, Microbial threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response, 3-18-2003, http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10636.html] Improving the global capacity to …the microbial threats workforce). This expertise will lead to effective responses to both natural disease outbreaks and bioterrorist attacks Smolinski et al. 03 – Director of the Global Health and Security Initiative at Nuclear Threat Initiative [Marks. Smolinski (Former Senior Program Officer at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academics of Science and Epidemic Intelligence Officer for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Margaret A. Hamburg (Vice President for Biological Programs at Nuclear Threat Initiative), & Joshua Lederberg (Directs the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Informatics at The Rockefeller University) Editors, Board on Global Health at the institute of the National Academics, Microbial threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response, 3-18-2003, http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10636.html] REBUILDING DOMESTIC PUBLIC HEALTH CAPACITY The U.S. capacity to respond to …epidemiologic expertise and laboratory capability Response ability and situational awareness is the best defense against bioterrorist attacks O’Toole 2007 (Tara, “Hearing on Bioterrorism Preparadness and the Role of DHS Chief Medical Officer,” testimony before Congress, Center for Biosecurity, March 29, [|http://www.upmc-biosecurity.org/website/resources/hearings/content/Hearings_2007/20070329-btprepanddhscmo.html)] The ease with which bioweapons programs can be … to constructively engage the cooperation and collaboration of citizens in epidemic response. The impact is extinction – outweighs nuclear use Ochs – MA in Natural Resource Management at Rutgers – 2002 (Richard, “Biological Weapons Must be Abolished Immediately,” 6-9-2002, [|http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html)] BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS MUST BE ABOLISHED IMMEDIATELY Of all the weapons of mass destruction, the … If patriotism would extinguish humanity, then patriotism is the highest of all crimes. Add on Natural outbreaks will be perceived as terrorist attacks Stern – 2003 – Lecturer in Public Policy at Harvard (Jessica Stern, International Security, “Dreaded Risks and the Control of Biological Weapons,” 27.3 (2002/03) 89-123, Project Muse) A particularly frightening aspect of … continue to increase the incidence of infectious diseases once thought to be under control. U.S. lashout will kill hundreds of millions Easterbrook – Fellow at the Brookings Institute – 2001 (Greg, CNN, “America's New War: Nuclear Threats,” 11-1-2001, [|http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0111/01/gal.00.html)] EASTERBROOK: Well, what held … in addition to being in our interests.

Notre Dame (All Teams) – Affirmative – Africa Bridge

Africa Bridge 1AC Our debate activity currently functions and produces a teacher-student dichotomy in which education is sought solely for the purposes of imagining political action devoid of strategies FROM the oppressed. This form of narration strips individuals from any transformation power within their social location. FREIRE ’70 (Paulo, Brazilian Revolutionary, Chapter 2, Pedagogy of the Oppressed) A careful analysis of …they are.

These resolutional forms of education justify stripping the oppressed from ontological action. This year’s resolution creates an alienated education that increasingly protects the form of education that deposits information on the African nations that are depicted as ‘welfare recipients.’ Such a framework masks the worst forms of structural violence. FREIRE ’70 (Paulo, Brazilian Revolutionary, Chapter 2, Pedagogy of the Oppressed) The capability of banking … be more fully human.

The condition of oppression that is perpetuated via current educational practices dooms us to a world where violence is a constant reality, constitutes the foundation for subjugation and perpetual negation of life. FREIRE ’70 (Paulo, Brazilian Revolutionary, “Chapter 1,” Pedagogy of the Oppressed.) The pedagogy of the first stage … the preponderance of the strong, but by the strong who have emasculated them. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a framework of “problem-posing” education that poses the resolution as a question to the oppressed where THEY create their own strategies for empowerment and liberation. Only a problem-posing education can establish a consciousness of emancipation from the worst structural conditions. FREIRE ’70 (Paulo, Brazilian Revolutionary, Chapter 2, Pedagogy of the Oppressed) Those truly committed … education are “owned” by the teacher. AFRICA BRIDGE 1AC The failure to establish a problem-posing education framework accentuates current AIDS assistance failures. AIDS awareness, treatment, and prevention campaigns lack cultural sensitive modes of transmission. KWESI 2K4 (Yankah, Ph.D. in folklore from Indiana University and is currently Professor of Linguistics at the University of Ghana, “Narrative in Times of Crisis: AIDS Stories in Ghana,”Journal of Folklore Research, 41.2, May-August, pg. 181-198) Folk constructions of … of AIDS in their social locations. The following is an account of Sharon Stone, a donor of Africa Bridge, that visited Tanzania…. Starr November 26, 2007 ( Sharon "Mimi" Starr, Lake Oswego Rotarian, Monday, November 26, 2007, Impressions of Tanzania) In late October, I had the …money will be well spent.

The grant that has been devised by the oppressed has been officially drafted—Tanzanians and African Bridge workers are currently petitioning the United States federal government. This grant is necessary for a sustainable health assistance infrastructure. ZWICKEY, CHILDS, & MTULLU (Heather-Director of Resarch National College of Naturopathic, Barry-President of Africa Bridge, Samwel-Tanga AIDS Working Group, National College for Naturopathic Medicine and Africa Bridge and the Tanga AIDS Working Group, “AIDS in Africa: Bridging Traditional Healing with Modern Medicine,” Google.) Africa BridgeStaff: 2 Annual … as the larger global community.

And, the dialogical methodology of Africa Bridge is the best possible strategy. Tanzania’s entire health care system is at stake. Global Vision 2003 (Date Posted on Global Envision: July 14, 2003, On the Other Side of Despair…Hope www.globalenvision.org/library/3/509, “When millions of people are dying and suffering from the consequences of AIDS, is there any reason to have hope?”) When I look at the … doing work in Africa.

We will defend that the National Institute of Health will approve the grant request of Africa Bridge for the building of an AIDS prevention and treatment infrastructure to Tanzania. Our plan text is a direct affirmation of the existential reality of the oppressed that we highlight in direct response to the AIDS pandemic and the resolution as a productive educational possibility. All counterplans and arguments that do not place such the agency of the oppressed at the forefront are doomed to oppressive paternalism. FREIRE ’70 (Paulo, Brazilian Revolutionary, “Chapter 1,” Pedagogy of the Oppressed.) The same is true with respect to the …oppression must be transformed.

And, our methodology establishes the groundwork for an epistemological approach that precedes politics proper. Rejecting our approach to exploitation results in macro-socioengineering, which makes all impacts inevitable. RAJAN ‘92 (Roby, The Discourse of Exploitation and the Exploitation of Discourse.) How then are human …to change in the larger society.