New+Trier+GH+-+Ross+Gordon+&+Irvin+Ho+aff

1ac usfg increase assistance to ngo's not comply with gag rule xkelly c2 health devastates efforts to prevent hiv in Kenya x aids epid will kill food sector x '04 key sector of Kenyan economy x this is key to world economy x reg crisis cause a global collapse x '05 econ collapse causes extinction x on the brink x massive population explosion x further population explosion x genocide x true given current state in Kenya x Kenya key to stability in region xreuters '08 east African conflict escalates to a great power xglick results in global nuclear war xdeutch '01 c4 terrorism Kenya suspicious of africom x '07 us-kenyan relations only way to solve this x Kenya is of strategic importance x Kenya is key to war on terror x terrorism escalates to global nuclear exchange x c5 solv we have the most expertise x on the ground x '98 c6 aid now on peripherary now food aid x pepfar $50 billion x

toc =Kenya Gag Rule Aff=


 * Plan:

The United States federal government should substantially increase its health assistance to family planning providers located in the Republic of Kenya regardless of their compliance with the Mexico City Policy.**

**Contention One – The Status Quo**
Washington Post ’07** (Craig Timberg, “Pediatric AIDS prevention efforts in Africa fall short,” Dec 25, Lexis)
 * The gag rule has resulted in drastic cuts in public health assistance to Kenya – the result is skyrocketing fertility rates

Yet as research has mounted …We are denying contraceptives to many people."

Kelley ’07** (Kevin J, The Nation (Nairobi), “Steep Rise in U.S. Military Aid,” All Africa, Sept 9, [|http://allafrica.com/stories/200709090014.html)]
 * We’ve drastically increased our military aid to Kenya – it’s due to expand

The United States has increased its … according to the CDI analysis.

**Contention Two – Health**
Global Gag Rule Impact Project ’06** (“Access Denied: The Impact of the Global Gag Rule in Kenya,” a collaborative research effort led by Population Action International in partnership with Ipas and Planned Parenthood Federation of America, [|http://www.globalgagrule.org/pdfs/case_studies/GGRcase_kenya_2006.pdf)]
 * The gag rule has devastated AIDS prevention in Kenya. Few clinics are open and little contraception and ARVs are available

By crippling the country’s … as well as a serious shortage of HIV test kits.

Nyaga ’04** (Robert K., Social Sector Division of the Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis, “HIV/AIDS in Kenya: A Review of Research and Policy Issues,” KIPPRA Discussion Paper No. 38, June, [|http://www.kippra.org/Download/DPNO38.pdf)]
 * Future AIDS epidemics in Kenya will devastate the agriculture sector, harming food security, and destroying the farming cycle, which is critical to the Kenyan economy

Agriculture employs a large segment (80%) … infections and prolong survival (Loenwenson and Whiteside, 2001).

USAID ’00** (“USAID/Kenya: Integrated Strategic Plan, 2001-2005,” [|http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PDABU260.pdf)]
 * Kenya economic growth is key to the region’s economy, solves terrorism, and proliferation

Kenya is the most important country in the Greater …, HIV/AIDS, and threats to biodiversity.

Payne ’03** (Donald, congressman D-NJ, "Congress and Africa: Perspectives of Congressman Payne and CBC," 4-30, Lexis)
 * This crushes the global economy

From the war on terrorism to the supply of crucial … and dignity to our community in America.

Diamond ’05** (Jared, "Collapse: How societies choose to fail or succeed," Press, New York, p. 518-519)
 * The world economy is interconnected – regional economic collapses will cause global crisis

Still other bad impacts of the First … at the expense of the interests of others.

Bearden ’00** (T.T., Director of the Association of Distinguished American Scientists, [|http://www.seaspower.com/EnergyCrisis-Bearden.htm)]
 * Economic collapse causes extinction

History bears out that desperate nations … of the biosphere, at least for many decades.

**Contention Three – Conflict**
CBC News ’08** (“Kenya stabilizing, says P.E.I. missionary,” January 8, [|http://www.cbc.ca/canada/prince-edward-island/story/2008/01/08/kenya-kenny.html)]
 * Violence in Kenya is calming, but now is the brink

A P.E.I. man working in Nairobi says … 500 people died in the violence following the election.

Motavalli ’06** (Jim, Editor of E: The Environmental Magazine, “Shaking the Baby Tree: If There's a "Depopulation Bomb, It Has a Very Long Fuse" The Environmental Magazine, Nov/Dec, Vol 17, Issue 6, pgs 26-32, Proquest)
 * The lack of contraception resulting from the gag rule is causing a massive population explosion in Kenya

Clearly, high birth rates contribute to … have 64 million by 2050 (up 92 percent).

Blacker ’07** (John, Centre for Population Studies, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, “Letter: Questions need to be raised about Kenya's population growth rate; Letters to the Editor,” The Independent (London), January 23, Lexis)
 * The only thing that can prevent further population explosion is lowering the fertility rate

Sir: In your articles on the current drought in … of the people in that country locked in poverty.

Berkeley ’95** (Bill, Freelance writer in New York City who has been reporting in African on his Patterson fellowship, “Kenya: Barely Escaping Rwanda,” The Alicia Patterson Foundation Reporter, Vol 17, Num 1, [|http://www.aliciapatterson.org/APF1701/Berkeley/Berkeley.html)]
 * Conflicts over resources and land results in civil war and genocide

The emergence in Kenya of state-sponsored … few and the sullen "wananchi", the masses.

Francis ’08** (David R., Columnist, Christian Science Monitor, “Why a new president may slow population growth,” January 14, Lexis)
 * This is specifically true given the current state in Kenya

Some family-planning advocates see the current … battles have occurred in rural areas.

Reuters ’08** (2-2, “With Kenya At Its Tipping Point, Mercy Corps Warns Of Regional Crisis” [|http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/fromthefield/289513/12024973817.htm)]
 * Kenya stability is key to the stability of the region

As tensions continue to run high ... into a catastrophe," Lovick added.

Glick ’07** (Caroline, 12/12, Senior Middle East Fellow, Center for Security Policy, “Condi's African holiday”, [|http://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/home.aspx?sid=56&categoryid=56&subcategoryid=90&newsid=11568)]
 * East Africa conflict escalates into great power war

The Horn of Africa is a dangerous ... Ethiopia, Kenya and the West.

Deutsch ’01** (Dr. Jeffery, Founder – Rabid Tiger Project, Rabid Tiger Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 7, 11-18, [|http://www.rabidtigers.com/rtn/newsletterv2n9.html)]
 * Finally, African conflict results in global nuclear war

The Rabid Tiger Project believes that …, and some people love to go fishing.

**Contention Four – Terrorism**
East Africa ’07** (Africa News, August 14, “U.S. Allays Fears Over New Military Body,” All Africa, Lexis)
 * Kenya is suspicious of the proposed AFRICOM – this is harming US relations with Kenya

Africom represents a potential … Africom's purposes, Mr Okumu noted.

The Nation ’03** (Africa News, “'Secrets' behind US, UK Anti-Terror War in Kenya,” All Africa, June 22, Lexis)
 * US-Kenya relations are critical to prevent Kenyan terrorism – spreading US influence in the country through development programs is the only way to solve

A detailed review of the reflections … longer-term development programmes".

Adan ’05** (Hared H., Major in the Kenyan Army, “Combating Transnational Terrorism in Kenya,” Thesis presented to the Faculty of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, [|http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=A436675&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf)]
 * Kenya is a breeding grounds for terrorism because if its strategic importance, easy targets, and lack of security in the country

Kenya’s geography and geographic … and infiltrate into the country.

Adan ’05** (Hared H., Major in the Kenyan Army, “Combating Transnational Terrorism in Kenya,” Thesis presented to the Faculty of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, [|http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=A436675&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf)]
 * Kenya is key to global war on terror

Kenya also joined the US in the GWOT, … and recruiting grounds for terrorists.

Mbogo ’07** (Stephen, Cybercast News Service Correspondent, “Africa Faces Potential WMD Terror Risk,” July 6, [|http://www.cnsnews.com/ViewForeignBureaus.asp?Page=/ForeignBureaus/archive/200707/INT20070706a.html)]
 * African terrorists will get WMDs and use them

With the "globalization" of terrorism and crime … whether wanting to attack foreign or local strategic facilities.

Pham ’07** (J. Peter Pham, Ph.D. World Defense Review columnist, October 18, 2007, “Playing with Fire: South Africa's Dangerous Terrorist Liaisons,” [|http://worlddefensereview.com/pham101807.shtml)]
 * Corrupt African governments are giving WMD to terrorist groups – South Africa is allying with al Qaeda and terrorist operatives – they possess bio-weapons samples, enriched uranium and potential foot soldiers

If its official and semi-official ... several cities in South Africa."

Speice ’06** (Patrick F. Jr., JD Candidate at College of William and Mary, “Negligence and Nuclear Nonproliferation,” William & Mary Law Review, 47 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 1427, February)
 * Terrorism escalates to a nuclear exchange

Accordingly, there is a significant and ever-… and escalate to the use of nuclear weapons. 53

**Contention Five – Solvency**
Turnbull ’96** (Wendy, policy analyst at PAI, January, [|http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0KDK/is_1996_Jan_1/ai_n18607203/pg_1)]
 * US family planning assistance is the anchor of the global population control regime – no other donor even comes close to US expertise and technical capacity

Currently, about three-quarters … are provided in a more integrated manner.

Population Action International ’98** (“Paying their Fair Share - Donor Countries and International Population Assistance”, 3/8, [|http://www.populationaction.org/Publications/Reports/Paying_their_Fair_Share/UNITED_STATES.shtml)]
 * The U.S. is the most important donor – it has 30 years of experience with on the ground provision of aid and networks that other donors can’t replicate

The U.S. population assistance effort still leads the way ... the success of country programs.

Kenya 2AC - See New Trier BR
=Sierra Leone Health Workers Aff=


 * Plan:**


 * The United States federal government should provide necessary support to substantially expand the public health worker sector in the Republic of Sierra Leone.**

**Contention 1 is Stability –**
USAID, 5** (“USAID: Sierra Leone.” 6-14-05. [|http://www.usaid.gov/policy/budget/cbj2006/afr/sl.html)]
 * Sierra Leone is becoming more stable, but risks backsliding – moving towards longer-term development projects is key to maintaining peace

The Development Challenge:.... development can take root

**Subpoint A is Health –**
Kamara, 7** (Kenday S. Kamara, University of Sierra Leone, 3/30/07 “The Challenge of Sierra Leone's Health” [|http://www.worldpress.org/Africa/2735.cfm)]
 * Status quo public health aid to Sierra Leone fails due to poor healthcare infrastructure. Increased support is key to the viability of the public health sector

More than five years … the population's general well-being.

Kamara, 7** (Kenday S. Kamara, University of Sierra Leone, 3/30/07 “The Challenge of Sierra Leone's Health” [|http://www.worldpress.org/Africa/2735.cfm)]
 * Specifically, low health worker salaries devastate public health in Sierra Leone – increased compensation will prevent brain drain, eliminate corruption, and increase quality of care.

The public health sector employs … presenting one of the worst-case scenarios.

Tsang, 6** (Steve, PhD Philosophy University of Oxford, Intelligence and Human Rights in the Are of Global Terrorism, Praeger Security International, Westport Connecticut, London, Pg. 162-163.)
 * Independently, targeted and effective public health assistance will improve the image of the U.S. in Africa and prevent terrorism

A great deal can be done … find a material connection.

Patel et al., 2** (Ricken Paten, Harvard University. Abdul Kpakra-Massally, Executive Secretary of PRIDE, an NGO working with ex-combatants. Shirley Osho, BA in Political Science from Fourah Bay College. Tom Provda, consultatnt at the UN Development Program in New York. Lena Thompson, lecturer in political science at Fourah Bay Collage. “The Health Sector in Sierra Leone.” Report for Monitor, a project of the Campaign for Good Governance, a human rights NGO. [|http://www.sierra-leone.org/cgg-health.html)]
 * Improvements in the health sector are key to alleviate systemic suffering and preserve peace and stability

There is no more important public service … development and the maintenance of peace.

**Subpoint B is Democracy –**
UN News Service, 7** (11/15, “Sierra Leone: 'Era of Hope' As New President is Inaugurated, Says Ban Ki-Moon.” [|http://allafrica.com/stories/200711151037.html)]
 * Recent elections prove Sierra Leone is headed towards democracy, but government commitment is key

Declaring that "Sierra Leone … root causes of the country's conflict."

Tejan-Cole, 2** (Abdul Tejan-Cole, human rights lawyer and activist in Sierra Leone. Teaches law at Fourah Bay College, University of Sierra Leone and is Acting Coordinator of the Campaign for Good Governance, a national NGO. “Will the United States Learn From Britain In Sierra Leone?” 6-11-02. [|http://www.anonime.com/dpinstitute/africa/west_africa/sierra_leone/democracy_activist/20020611.htm)]
 * America has ignored Sierra Leone due to its past failures in Africa – this destroys US influence and opens the door for Libyan interventions that will reverse democratic trends and destabilize the country

The distinction that reveals … Sierra Leone suffered after Lomé.

USAID, 6** (“Sierra Leone Strategy Statement 2006.” [|http://www.usaid.gov/sl/mission/strategy/sierra_leone_strategy_statement_2006-08.pdf)]
 * Lack of democratic governance will cause another civil war in Sierra Leone

Analysts agree that the current … is needed to prevent backsliding.

**Subpoint C is the impacts –**
Dempsey, 6** (Thomas Dempsey Director of African Studies in the Department of National Security and Strategy at the U.S. Army War College. “COUNTERTERRORISM IN AFRICAN FAILED STATES: CHALLENGES AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS” April 2006 http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub649.pdf ]MP)
 * First, instability in Sierra Leone allows terrorists to obtain the financial and technical capability to deploy a nuclear weapon against the West

The emergence of Al Qaeda in … Sierra Leone may be significant.

Speice, 6** (Patrick F. Jr., JD Candidate at College of William and Mary, “Negligence and Nuclear Nonproliferation,” William & Mary Law Review, 47 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 1427, February)
 * Terrorism escalates to a nuclear exchange

Accordingly, there is a significant and ever-… and escalate to the use of nuclear weapons. 53

Docking, 2** (Timothy Docking, program officer in the Jennings Randolph Program for International Peace. “Responding to War and State Collapse in West Africa.” 2-1-02. [|http://www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/sr81.html)]
 * Second, state collapse in Sierra Leone threatens 240 million people across West Africa. This compromises our oil interests in Nigeria as well as causing terrorism, environmental destruction, and disease spread.

The working group agreed that … peace and damages our national credibility abroad.


 * African conflict causes global nuclear war**
 * Deutsch, 1** [Dr. Jeffery, Founder of the Rabid Tiger Project, Rabid Tiger Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 7, 11-18, http://www.rabidtigers.com/rtn/newsletterv2n9.html]

The Rabid Tiger Project believes … some people love to go fishing.

Goldwyn, 4** (Chairman of the Goldwyn Group, Testimony before the subcommittee on international economic policy, export, and trade promotion, July 15, [|http://www.senate.gov/~foreign/testimony/2004/GoldwynTestimony040715.pdf)]
 * The global oil market couldn’t handle a supply disruption in Nigeria

While the region’s geological prospects are good, … trouble is on the horizon.

IEA, 4** (International Energy Agency, energy policy think tank. “Analysis of the Impact of High Oil Prices on the Global Economy” May 2004. [|http://www.iea.org/textbase/papers/2004/high_oil_prices.pdf)]
 * Higher oil prices will crush the world economy

Oil prices remain an important … current cyclical economic upturn.

Bearden, 2000** (T.T., Director of the Association of Distinguished American Scientists, [|http://www.seaspower.com/EnergyCrisis-Bearden.htm)]
 * Economic collapse causes extinction

History bears out that desperate nations … of the biosphere, at least for many decades.

**Contention 2 is Missile Defense –**
Tejan-Cole, 2** (Abdul Tejan-Cole, human rights lawyer and activist in Sierra Leone. Teaches law at Fourah Bay College, University of Sierra Leone and is Acting Coordinator of the Campaign for Good Governance, a national NGO. “Will the United States Learn From Britain In Sierra Leone?” 6-11-02. [|http://www.anonime.com/dpinstitute/africa/west_africa/sierra_leone/democracy_activist/20020611.htm)]
 * As British involvement in Sierra Leone has increased, US support has dwindled – the Brits are winning the image battle

The distinction that reveals … with South Africa's ANC.

Mardsen and Talbot, 2000** (Chris Mardsen and Chris Talbot, columnists, WSWS. “Britain's military intervention in Sierra Leone part of a new Scramble for Africa.” 5-20-00. [|http://www.wsws.org/articles/2000/may2000/sier-m20.shtml)]
 * Sierra Leone is the key state in US-British competition over Africa – increasing US influence undermines cooperation

Britain's sending of over a thousand … main interest for the West in Africa.

Stocker, 4** (Jeremy Stocker, Army War College Strategic Studies Institute. “Britain's Role in U.S. Missile Defense.” [|http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/00374.pdf)]
 * US-British cooperation is vital to missile defense in Britain

Joseph Nye warns that “The bad … careful management by both Britain and America.

WND, 8** (2/2, World Net Daily, conservative newspaper. “Britain fears al-Qaida retaliation” [|http://worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=60000)]
 * The brink and timeframe are minuscule – Bush must implement NMD before he leaves office and US and British diplomats are currently meeting to determine the future of missile defense. However, cooperation will cause terrorist lashout against Britain

Britain's Secret Intelligence Service … said an intelligence source in London.

Greenpeace, 6** (“Nuclear Power and Terrorism.” January 2006. [|http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/files/pdfs/nuclear/nukesmediabrief.pdf)]
 * A terrorist attack in Britain kills two million people and provokes international backlash

The terrorist attacks of 9/11 … opportunities for terrorist organisations.

Clegg, 7** (11/17, Nick Clegg, British MP. “Britain must pull out of US missile defence deal.” [|http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2007/11/17/nosplit/dt1701.xml)]
 * US-British cooperation on missile defense sparks an arms race with Russia

Russia's threats to place … and pull out of our deal with America

Talbott, 7** (Strobe Talbott, President of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, The Brookings Institution October 30, 2007 "Building a Constructive U.S.-Russian Relationship: Russia, Energy Security, World Trade Organization, Energy, Arms Control" <[|http://www.brookings.edu/testimony/2007/1030_russia_talbott.aspx>)]
 * Arms race risks global nuclear war

Finally, Mr. Chairman, I … potentially tragic and perilous.

Bostrom, 2** (Nick, PhD and Professor at Oxford, March, [|http://www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html)]
 * US-Russian nuclear war is the biggest impact – it’s the only war that risks extinction

A much greater existential risk … humankind’s potential permanently.

Sierra Leone 2AC A2: Politics

 * Improving Africa’s health worker shortage has bipartisan support**
 * African Business News, 6** (“US Senators introduce African Health Capacity Investment Act of 2006,” African Business News, August 4, [|http://www.mbendi.co.za/a_sndmsg/news_view.asp?I=76842&PG=35)]

A bipartisan group of Senators ... and create jobs for their citizens." Hohmann 4-3** (James, “House votes to increase global spending against AIDS”, the Boston Globe, [|http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2008/04/03/house_votes_to_increase_global_spending_against_aids/)]
 * Overwhelming bipartisan support for fighting HIV and AIDS – empirical evidence

WASHINGTON - A bipartisan coalition in the House ... president during his two terms in office."