NFA+BP+-+Neil+Bapadora+&+Neil+Patel+-+Aff

= 1AC- Inherency NFA BP Landmines = Contention One is Inherency Sub-Saharan Africa has been plagued by the silent epidemic of landmines for decades. Donor Countries, including the U.S. continue to ignore their responsibilities to a region they exploited and a situation they helped to produce Adeba 2003 (Brian, Policy analyst and freelance writer in south Sudan, Peace and Environmental news, “Action Needed On Landmines in Sub-Saharan Africa”) “Since their introduction in World War I… deny the people the use of that land for farming” African countries do not have the funds nor the pace to de-mine, causing a dependency on other countries Pant 99 (Pan African Network Trust, March 21, 1999 BIG BUCKS IN DE-MINING [|http://meltingpot.fortunecity.com/navarino/212/postcard/99-03-21demining.html)] “It cost between 3 and 30 US dollars… of the industrialized countries.” Although the Bush Administration continues to use landmines indefinitely, if the US takes a stance against landmines, the rest of the world will follow Social Justice News 04 (March, “US Plans Continued Use of Landmines”, Excerpt from a statement by Senator Patrick Leahy) “On February 27, after more than two years… should stop using them.” Advantage I: Economic Growth Landmines kill or maim thousands of people each year and drain scarce public health resources perpetuating poverty and regional instability Bloomfield 04 (Lincoln P. Jr, Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs, Jan, [|http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itps/0104/ijpe/bloomfield.htm)] “Persistent landmines, the residue of past wars… desperation, and regional instability.” Landmines impede local and national economic growth CLF 2007 ( no date page edited 2007, Canadian Landmine Foundation, “The Problem of Landmines”, [|http://www.canadianlandmine.org/landmineProb_impact.cfm)] “Most mine-affected countries are… critical development and reconstruction projects.” Landmines are weapons of social cataclysm and perpetuate under-development, interfering with economic development Berhe 2007 (A. Berhe, Ecosystem Sciences Division, University of California, Berkeley , 2007 “The Contribution of Landmines to Land Degredation,” Land Degradation and Development, 18) “Poverty and Social Marginalization… women and minorities are disadvantaged.” If we maintain landmines in Africa, we are locked into a sytem of civil wars, coups, and violent conflict caused by declining economic conditions Collier 06 (Professor of Economics at Oxford University, Paul Collier “African Growth: Why a ‘Big Push’?,” Journal of African Economics 2006 15, Supplement 2: 188-2.1. Conflict Trap) “The trap on which I have worked most extensively… of illegitimate change of regime.” Poverty is the root cause of all violence- the impact outweighs genocide, nuclear exchange, and extinction. We must act to minimize the suffering of others. Gilligan 96 (James, professor of Psychiatry at the Harvard Medical School, Director of the Center for the Study of Violence, and a member of the Academic Advisory Council of the National Campaign Against Youth Violence. Violence: Our Deadly Epidemic and its causes. P. 191-196) “The lethal effects of structural violence… as causes to effect” Advantage II: Hidden Holocausts US apathy towards landmines is not accidental, the US has failed to assist in demining because landmine victims do not meet our narrow lens of national security Kidd 04 (Acting Deputy Assistant Secretary for Political-Military Affairs [|http://www.state.gov/t/pm/rls/rm/32774.htm)] “Thank you Colonel Jordan… to helping to rid itself of its landmines and UXO [unexploded ordinance].” The United States only provides de-mining assistance for 17 out of 30 landmine affected countries- condemning thousands to death Kindig 02 (Sarah E., James Madison University Fellow office of Humanitarian demining programs, US department of state [|http://maic.jmu.edu/JOURNAL/6.2/focus/sarahkindig/sarahekindig.htm)] “The United States government’s Humanitarian Demining Program… mine action assistance to Africa .” American foreign policy has become a destructive machine engaging in hidden holocausts killing millions Parenti, Michael AUG-SEP 96 North Coast Home Page “Serving the Few” Author, Political Analyst and Lecturer, www.Sonic.net/-doretk/Issues/96-08%20AUG/servingthefew.html) “There are those who criticize U.S. foreign policy… what passes for U.S. political discourse.”  Listening to the humanitarian logic of our allies is critical to the development and enforcement of the laws of war- de-mining under a moral framework is critical to preventing the spread of mines around the world, shifting away from utilitarianism  Mike Lacey and Eric Krauss 2002 (Eric S. Krauss, B.A. from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, J. D. from the University of San Diego School of Law, and his L.L.M. from the Judge Advocate General's School, Charlottesville, and Mike O. Lacey, Professor of International and Operational Law at the Judge Advocate General’s School, Charlottesville, Va. with J.D. degree at the University of Illinois and his L.L.M. from the Judge Advocate General’s School. “Utilitarian vs. Humanitarian: The Battle over the Law of War.” Page number: 73 [|http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002482221)]  “The United States now refuses to participate…on the international scene.”  Thus the plan  Text: The United States federal government should give medical assistance to land mine explosion survivors in topically designated areas designated by the 2007-2008 high school policy debate resolution. Furthermore it should establish a comprehensive mine action program which de-mines and provides mine risk education necessary for mine clearance in areas designated by the 2007-2008 high school policy debate resolution.  Contention Two is Solvency  A comprehensive plan that de-mines, provides education, and gives medical assistance is necessary for mine clearance   E-MINE 2007 Electronic Mine Information Network United Nations Mine Action Service http://www.mineaction.org/ “Mine action entails more than removing landmines…anti-personnel mine-ban treaty.” Demining is empirically an extremely good peace builder Harpviken and Skåra, 04–senior researcher at the International Peace Research institute, project leader of the assistance to mine-affected communities ( AMAC ) [Harpviken, Krisitan Berg] and a degree in Human Geography and is a Researcher at the International Peace Research Institute [Skåra, Bernt A.] (June 9, The Future of Humanitarian Mine Actiion, ed. by Kristian Berg Harpviken, pg. 43-44) “Mine action practitioners are … but one example of this process.” 1AC- Solvency The plan will encourage future cooperation and eventually lead to a full time ban on Landmines Bloomfield 4 (Lincoln P. Bloomfield, Jr., Assistant Secretary for Political-Military Affairs “New Developments in the U.S. Approach to Landmines” February 27, 2004 [|http://www.state.gov/t/pm/rls/rm/29976.htm)] “ASSISTANT SECRETARY BLOOMFIELD…the conditions that I enumerated.” The US is critical to demining projects around the world due to influence, resources, and leadership Sahlin, Jr., 1998, Colonel, Senior Military Fellow @ INSS (Carl T., SF Banner, Global Mine Clearance, Number 143, August, “An Achievable Goal?” [|http://www.ndu.edu/inss/strforum/SF143/forum143.html)] “As long as the United States is the pre-eminent world power, it will be looked to for leadership…the United States is one of the few countries which can do so. “ Contention Three is the Underview Without a detailed alternative, people will just re-entrench themselves in the existing mindset Brian Martin, STS, U of Wollongong , Uprooting War, 1984 http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/90uw “In chapter 14, several individuals describe …social change is caused by people who can choose to use the ideas, adapt them or reject them, and take action.” Failure to act against the status quo is genocide through in-action, killing 72 million lives by 2015 Sankore 2007 (Rotimi, Africa Public Health Rights Campaign, World AIDS Alliance, June 25, http://www.worldaidscampaign.info/index.php/en/campaigns/in_country_campaigns/sub  _saharan_africa/health_must_be_africa_s_priority_at_african_union_summit) “By coincidence, the dream of the United States of Africa … a monument to government without responsibility.” We must reject unlikely disasters or else face stultification and policy paralysis on all decisions. Nicholas Rescher 83 (Chairman at the University of Pittsburgh ) “But in decision theory there are two different…and taken to lie outside the realm of "real" possibilities." Major war is obsolete: democracy, international deterrence, and distinct powerful international states all contribute to diminishing the probability of war  Mandelbaum, 1999 (Michael Mandlebaum American foreign policy professor at the Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns  Hopkins  University ,, “Is Major War Obsolete?”, [|http://www.ciaonet.org/conf/cfr10/)]   “My argument says, tacitly… a cause of conflict and now is far less important.”  If you actually take war scenarios seriously it just makes war inevitable. We need more practical forms of resistance like getting rid of weapons of war  Cuomo 96 activist, artist, and Professor of Philosophy and Women's Studies at the University of Cincinnati. She is the author of The Philosopher Queen: Feminist Essays on War, Love, and Knowledge-- (Christina, “War Is Not Just an Event: Reflections on the Significance of Everyday Violence!” hypatia, 1996, Proquest,) “Philosophical attention to war has… the inevitability of war and militarism.”