Carrollton+HS+-+Dorothy+Hector+&+Catalina+Santos+aff

ROUND 4-- NEW DISEASE SURVEILLANCE AFF

PKOs Cites Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase its assistance for preventive health programs and disease surveillance through United Nations peacekeeping operations in topically designated areas.

Advantage One: Peacekeeping

UN peacekeeping operations in Africa are at an unprecedented high—lack of U.S. commitment threatens effectiveness. Victoria Holt, Senior Associate, The Henry L. Stimson Center, 10-8-2004, Testimony before the House International Relations Committee, Subcommittee on Africa, http://www.stimson.org/pub.cfm?id=208 This topic is especially important and timely. The growth in African peacekeeping is unprecedented. The US has… What US policy options address these questions, including GPOI, and are US goals being met?

The U.N is addressing many of the reasons for peacekeeping ineffectiveness now—their alt causes won’t apply Victoria Holt, Senior Associate, The Henry L. Stimson Center, 10-8-2004, Testimony before the House International Relations Committee, Subcommittee on Africa, http://www.stimson.org/pub.cfm?id=208 More specifically, meeting the challenge of peace operations requires closing gaps between goals and… Liberia, for example, failed the test for basic qualifications. [11

Medical capabilities are key to UN PKO success—only the U.S. has the requisite capabilities Peggy L. Bradley, Lieutenant Colonel US Army, 7-4-2003, Army Medical Support in Operations Other Than War: Opportunity for Civil-Military Cooperation, http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA415092, p. 1-2

Increased public health resources are critical to the effectiveness of these missions Raymond A. Zilinskas, directs the Chemical and Biological Weapons Nonproliferation Program and Tamara R. Chapman, Monterey Institute for International Studies, 1-24-07 (Security and Public Health: How and Why do Public Health Emergencies Affect the Security of a Country?, http://www.nti.org/e_research/e3_84.html In working to create a new framework of government in a region that is recovering from conflict,… without adequate public health, achieving sufficient security for nation-building becomes very difficult.

Disease surveillance is integral to PKO success Jeffrey Gambel et al, MD with the Division of Preventive Medicine at Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1999, International Journal of Epidemiology, 28, “Medical Surveillance of multinational peacekeepers deployed in support of the United Nations Mission in Haiti June-October 1995,” p. 313 Peacekeeping missions involve the deployment of multinational military and civilian personnel to areas of……. When a problem is suspected, prompt investigation and focused intervention can be critical, if further casualties are to be prevented.

Unique U.S. preventive medicine capabilities are crucial to mission success Captain Montgomery Hinkson, MD US Navy, Medical Support in Military Operations Other Than War, April 10, 2001, p. 19.

Only the U.S. has the medical capabilities to solve Lois Davis et al, Senior Policy Researcher, 1996, Army Medical Support for Peace Operations and Humanitarian Assistance, p. 95-96

U.S. medical resources are uniquely integral to PKO effectiveness—no substitutes allowed Sidney Rodgers, Commander of the Medical Service Corps United States Navy, 5-16-1995, The Operational Art of Employing U.S. Military Medical Assets in Support of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations, p. 18, http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA298275 Medical support to peacekeeping operations, however, is here to stay and should remain an integral part… toolbox must contain a stethescope to remind the commander that "medical" will always have a seat at the table.

Peacekeeping weaknesses collapse the overall effectiveness of the U.N. Kofi Annan, UN Secretary General, May 30, 1995, S/1995/444, “REPORT OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL PURSUANT TO SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTIONS 982 (1995) AND 987 (1995),” p. 24, http://daccess-ods.un.org/TMP/9039735.html Finally, the credibility of the United Nations is of the utmost importance and must be safeguarded at all… on the inviolability of United Nations personnel in peace operations.

U.S. commitment to PKOs is key to bolster UN credibility Sarah Sewall, Director of the Carr Center for Human Rights Policy and a Lecturer in Public Policy at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard, “U.S. Policy and Practice Regarding Multilateral Peace Operations,” February 2001, http://www.hks.harvard.edu/cchrp/Web%20Working%20Papers/PKO.pdf, p. 3 This neglect of UN peacekeeping has had significant costs. The United States lost an opportunity to help… defined interests at the expense of broader international security goals.

A strong UN is key to human survival—it solves every imaginable impact Stephen Schlesinger – Director of the World Policy Institute at the New School University – 9-28-2003 (Plain Dealer, “U.N. Needs Support from the U.S. to Thrive,” p.H5) The ultimate outcome of the San Francisco Conference is still not known. However, what happened there that produced the last of these… standards and promote human rights. The creation of the United Nations is as timely now as it was 58 years ago.

Robust peacekeeping is key to bolster the credibility of U.N. crisis diplomacy Sarah Sewall, Director of the Carr Center for Human Rights Policy and a Lecturer in Public Policy at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard, “U.S. Policy and Practice Regarding Multilateral Peace Operations,” February 2001, http://www.hks.harvard.edu/cchrp/Web%20Working%20Papers/PKO.pdf, p. 38 At a more subtle level, weaknesses in UN peace operations capabilities have restricted the options for… conducted by NATO or a coalition of the willing.

Effective UN crisis diplomacy is key to prevent Mid-East conflict Juergen Dedring, Graduate Center, City University of New York, March 14-18, 2000, http://www.ciaonet.org/isa/jud01/index.html As a forum for the full display of conflicts and allegations the Council continues to be indispensable…. The Council has been and continues to be important for peace in the world.

The Middle East is a powder keg—conflict could occur at any time The Age 9/24/2007 “Tempers must remain cool as the Middle East heats up”, http://www.theage.com.au/news/editorial/tempers-must-remain-cool-as-the-middle-east-heats-up/2007/09/23/1190486129857.html THE torturous road to peace in the Middle East becomes more excruciating every day and the cumulative… every action can easily be met with a disproportionate reaction, there is more mileage in diplomacy than in any military solution.

Mid-East instability is on the brink of spiraling into all-out regional conflict Marvin J. Cetron, president of Forecasting International Ltd, and Owen Davies, former senior editor at Omni magazine and a freelance writer specializing in science, technology, and the future, 9-1, 2007, The Futurist There is more to come. After all, this is the most volatile region in the world. Sunnis and Shi'ites have… it all spins out of control. Everyone in the Middle East fights everyone else for decades.

John Steinbach, Hiroshima/Nagasaki Peace Committee, March 2002, http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/02.03/0331steinbachisraeli.htm

Advantage Two: Hegemony

Reversal of U.S. unilateralism is critical to mending ties with the United Nations. Strobe Talbott is president of the Brookings Institution and a former deputy secretary of state, February 21, 2007. http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2007/0221diplomacy_talbott.aspx Those examples of unilateralism and numerous others were gratuitous. There was no pressing need to shatter or suspend… nursing grievances against the United States while trying to patch its own internal disputes.

US commitment to UN peacekeeping is key to rebuild US-UN ties Derek Chollet – visiting scholar at the George Washington University Institute for European, Russian and Eurasian Studies, and Robert Orr – senior fellow and codirector of the Post-Conflict Reconstruction Project at CSIS – Autumn 2001, The Washington Quarterly,
 * 1) The Bush administration needs to help make UN peacekeeping work. To do so, it must first do no… U.S. commitment to collective action, without posing any real drain on U.S. readiness elsewhere.

U.S. commitment to peacekeeping is the litmus test for overall U.S.-UN relations Timothy Wirth, President of the United Nations Foundation, 6-13-07, CQ Congressional Testimony Today's panel highlights the successes and challenges of peacekeeping, the biggest, most resource-intensive, most… what institutional strengthening will be needed to cope with new pandemics like bird flu?

Close U.S.-U.N. relations are key to maximize U.S. leadership and minimize backlash Ian Johnstone, Associate Professor of International Law, Fletcher School, Tufts University, September 2004, European Journal of International Law Tearing down the normative and institutional framework embodied in the UN Charter is not in the US… a global consensus and put its power behind broader collective purposes.

A strong U.N. is key to effective U.S. leadership and global stability Derek Chollet – visiting scholar at the George Washington University Institute for European, Russian and Eurasian Studies, and Robert Orr – senior fellow and codirector of the Post-Conflict Reconstruction Project at CSIS – Autumn 2001, The Washington Quarterly, p.7 U.S. Interests and the United Nations By taking for granted both the UN and relations with UN member states, the United States risks… The bottom line is clear: flawed as it is, the UN can improve and work more effectively only if it has U.S. support and leadership.

Using military medicine resources in Africa uniquely boosts U.S. leadership Terry Carroll, Colonel US Army, 2001, “Engagement or Marriage: The Case for an Expanded Military Medical Role in Africa,” http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA390489, p. 1-2 This study examines current national policy and selected programs regarding health … Engage medically, particularly in Africa, where the threats of disease and epidemic are greatest - not only to the U.S., but the entire globe.

Collapse of hegemony results in economic collapse, mass institutionalized terrorism, and global nuclear wars. Ferguson 04(Niall, Professor of History at New York University's Stern School of Business and Senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, “A world without power,” Foreign Policy 143, p. 32-39, July-August)

US leadership is essential to prevent global nuclear exchange. Zalmay Khalilzad, RAND, The Washington Quarterly, Spring 1995

Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase public health assistance to topically designated areas, administered through a permanent USAID representative to U.S. Africa Command.

Observation One: Inherency

The DOD’s attempts to achieve interagency cooperation in its African commands is failing Esquire, 6-27-  07  , http://www.esquire.com/features/africacommand0707-6 But CJTF-HOA, whose area of responsibility stretched from Sudan down to Kenya, soon evolved into something so much more:… you can say "Black Hawk down." AFRICOM is failing to effectively incorporate USAID personnel J. Stephen Morrison , Director, Africa Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, 8-7-  07  , http://www.liberiaitech.com/theperspective/2007/0807200701.html Within the State Department and USAID, there is widespread apprehension that AFRICOM will overwhelm…. ranks have been ambivalent and desultory. . USAID will not provide any funding through AFRICOM Michael Hess , Assistant Administrator, Bureau for Democracy, Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance USAID 8-1-20  07  , Senate Testimony, [|http://www.senate.gov/~foreign/testimony/2007/HessTestimony070801.pdf] We do not envision transferring any funds to the D epartment o f D efense for the conduct of its civilian… overlap or mutually exclusive activities.

AFRICOM will not include health personnel Ryan Henry , Principle Defense Undersecretary for Policy, 11-14-  07  , “HEARING OF THE HOUSE ARMED SERVICES COMMITTEE; SUBJECT: U.S. AFRICA COMMAND,” Federal News Service REP. DAVIS: And health officials to be part of this mission ? Where do you see those… the profile, the probably the more effective you'll be, " and that has a lot to do with what our approach is. USAID’s incorporation into AFRICOM is key to interagency collaboration Major Patrick N. Kelleher , USMC, is operations officer with 2dForce Service Support Group and formerly was the Commandant of the Marine Corps National Fellow in the Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance at the U.S. Agency for International Development, Autumn 20  02  , “Crossing Boundaries Interagency Cooperation and the Military,” Joint Forces Quarterly, p. 107 Though combatant commands develop their theater plans to structure engagement, regional and functional bureaus within USAID… capitalize on comparative advantages, does not make the best use of resources, and could fail to reach strategic objectives . Incorporation of USAID personnel with the authority to dispense funding is essential for AFRICOM to achieve interagency cooperation Chad Piacenti , LCDR US Navy, 5-10-20  07  , “Africa Command: Building a Foundation of Operational Interagency Cooperation,” http://stinet.dtic.mil/, p. 9 Improved interagency planning and decision-making ability. Research clearly shows that interagency… and directing all means toward unity of effort.

The ability to disperse funding is the linchpin key to effective interagency coordination Lisa Schirch , Associate Professor of Peacebuilding at Eastern Mennonite University and Aaron  Kishbaugh  , graduate student in the department, 11-15-20  06  , http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/3711 The disparity in resources and size make it challenging fo r the State Department, USAID, and the many NGOs to act… 3D approach should keep development and defense firmly apart from each other in combat operations. USAID’s resources within AFRICOM are essential to preventing civilian agencies from assuming a junior partnership role Akwe Amosu , Senior Policy Analyst for Africa at the Washington Office of the Open Society Policy Center,  11-14  -07, http://forums.csis.org/africa/?p=71 The Pentagon offers reassurance by insisting that AFRICOM will pursue an integrated policy toward… policy as a result. (See comment by Stewart Patrick at the Center for Global Development.)

Public health assistance is key to selling the military on cooperation: it has a unique capacity to link up with national security perspectives David Fidler , Professor of Law and Ira C. Batman Faculty Fellow, Indiana University School of Law, 20  03  , George Washington International Law Review Section III.B argued that the concept of public health security in the United States reflects the realpolitik perspective on… suggests that public health's best hope rests in liberalism and not more radical theories of human emancipation. This conclusion is basically the one Price-Smith reached in his analysis. Public health assistance is key to integrating economic, political and security approaches David P. Fidler , Professor of Law and Ira C. Batman Faculty Fellow, Indiana University School of Law, 2004, McGeorge Law Review The policy area of public health has experienced a revolution in the past decade. The revolution has not… space within which global health action is conducted. Increasing public health assistance uniquely creates broad cooperative relationships with other stakeholders Lawrence O. Gostin et al , Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center; Professor of Law and Public Health, the Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, January 19  99  , Columbia Law Review Effective public health policymaking does not exist in a vacuum, nor is it purely a scientific pursuit. It is necessarily influenced not only by biomedical and social science, but also by fiscal concerns, culture, and… stakeholders, and any interaction with legislators is an occasion to get their attention and educate them about public health needs and methods. Effective interagency coordination in AFRICOM sets precedent for all federal government operations Chad Piacenti , LCDR US Navy, 5-10-20  07  , “Africa Command: Building a Foundation of Operational Interagency Cooperation,” http://stinet.dtic.mil/, p. 11-12 3. Capture today’s lessons for tomorrow’s doctrine. If AFRICOM is successful in creating and… and the development of a unified, national doctrine for interagency operations.

An effective AFRICOM structure creates a model for effective U.S. policy William Whitsitt , Lieutenant Commander, US Navy, 5-10-20  07  , “U.S. Africa Command: An Opportunity for Effective Interagency Cooperation, http://stinet.dtic.mil/, p. 1 The tribulations Africa faces provide a unique opportunity for the U nited S tates to apply a plethora of… and national- strategic success in Africa and globally …. necessarily bring an extra dollar's worth of security.

Interagency cooperation is key to integrated application of U.S. power: Clark Murdock, et al , a senior adviser in the Center for Strategic and International Studies International Security Program July 20  05  , “Beyond Goldwater-Nichols: U.S. Government and Defense Reform for a New Strategic Era,” http://www.ndu.edu/library/docs/BeyondGoldwaterNicholsPhase2Report.pdf, p. 44 At the end of the day, unity of effort across the U.S. government is not just about being more efficient or even more… execution will be critical to reducing both the risks of failure and the costs of success. Effective interagency cooperation is the linchpin to effective U.S. foreign policy Donald Hurley , Lieutenant Commander USN, is a naval intelligence officer assigned to the joint intelligence staff at the Defense Intelligence Agency  and  Scott  Moore  , Major USAF, Air Force special operator assigned to the Future Concepts Branch of the US Special Operations Command, Winter 19  98  , Parameters, http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/98winter/moore.htm America 's National Security Strategy requires civil and military agencies to work together to accomplish… internally or empowered regionally to coordinate interagency activities within US combatant commands in peacetime or in a crisis.

Ineffective U.S. leadership would leave behind a power vacuum, spurring terrorism, economic turmoil and multiple nuclear wars. Niall Ferguson, July/August 2004 “A World Without Power,” FOREIGN POLICY Issue 143

B. Terrorism

We are losing the war on terror—the risk will increase in 2008 Ian Bremmer , president of Eurasia Group,  January,  18-2008, http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/01/a_politicalrisk_outlook_for_20.html Beyond developments in the United States and the Middle East, terrorism is a more serious macro risk this year. That's true… This makes the broader terrorist threat merit higher concern worldwide. Terrorists have the means and motive to use WMD Jill ** Dekker-Bellamy **, Biodefence consultant with the New Defense Agenda, July 20** 05 **, Topics in Terrorism: Toward a Transatlantic Consensus on the Nature of the Threat, p. 37, accessed via ciaonet.org Some factors arguing for a more “ serious” risk assessment include: • The stated intent of terrorists to use… – does not appear likely to go into sudden decline. Interagency cooperation is the only way to win the war on terror Bruce Hoffman , Senior Scholar at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and Professor at School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University, 2-16-20  06  , http://www.rand.org/pubs/testimonies/2006/RAND_CT255.pdf The “Long War” posited by the recent Quadrennial Defense Review argues that the U.S. is likely to still be fighting the war on terrorism,… indigenous capabilities in counterterrorism and counterinsurgency will be absolutely fundamental to the success of such a strategy.

WMD terrorism against the U.S. ends the world: It collapses the economy and US heg, and triggers nuclear war with Russia, China and North Korea Jerome Corsi , PhD from Harvard, 20  05  , Atomic Iran, 176-178 In the span of less than one hour, the nation’s largest city will have been virtually wiped off the map. Removal of debris will take… paid while the country was still capable of exacting revenge. C. Iraq

Security gains in Iraq are unsustainable, absent deeper political and development gains Andrew J. Bacevich , professor of history and international relations at Boston University, 1-20-  08  , The Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/18/AR2008011802873.html?wpisrc=_rssprint/outlook Presumably Kagan and his comrades would have us believe that recent events vindicate the prophets who in 2002-03 were promoting… The U.S. dilemma remains unchanged: continue to pour lives and money into Iraq with no end in sight, or cut our losses and deal with the consequences of failure.

An effective model for inter-agency cooperation is key to stabilizing Iraq Austin Long , adjunct researcher at the RAND Corporation, 1-24-  07  , http://www.rand.org/commentary/012407WP.html Teamwork and coordination are vital for success in all sorts of activities — on the athletic field, in business, in government and in war. Yet… get this aspect right will undermine all other efforts, while successful organization will provide benefits at little cost. Continued Iraqi instability leads to regional war that draws in Russia and China Douglas Macgregor , retired Army colonel, with the Straus Military Reform Project at the Center for Defense Information,  December  -12-2007, http://www.cdi.org/program/document.cfm?DocumentID=4159&from_page=../index.cfm This brings us to the big concern: The unresolved (if not heightened) instability within Iraq could lead to unforeseen… finds itself stuck in the middle of a regional war, with the potential for chaos in Iraq on the rise and Iran's influence in Iraq growing. D. AFRICOM Effectiveness

Effective interagency coop will be key to AFRICOM’s success Chad Piacenti , LCDR US Navy, 5-10-20  07  , “Africa Command: Building a Foundation of Operational Interagency Cooperation,” http://stinet.dtic.mil/, p. 11 In the end, the ability of AFRICOM to leverage expertise both from within and without the U.S…. force multiplier in effectively executing national policy on the continent.

AFRICOM is key to African maritime security Theresa Whelan , Deputy Assistance Director of Defense for African Affairs, 10-24-  07  , http://www.defenselink.mil/dodcmsshare/BloggerAssets/2007-10/102407170522Whelan_transcript.pdf The other thing I think that you will see, which has already begun, is an increased focus on maritime security, which… So that's something I think that is somewhat new in some ways that AFRICOM will be focusing on and that we think is important. Maritime security is key to the global economy Geoffrey Till , professor of maritime studies in the Defence Studies Department, King's College London, Autumn 20  07  , Naval War College Review Globalization prospers when trade is mutually beneficial and takes place in conditions of order, both on… world ocean. An emerging issue is whether it will eventually monitor naval activity too.

Economic decline leads to nuclear war Richard C. Cook , 6/14  /07  , Writer, Consultant, and Retired Federal Analyst – U.S. Treasury Department, "It's Official: The Crash of the U.S. Economy has begun," Global Research, http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=5964