Milton+BL+-+Ken+Bailey+&+Austin+Layton+neg

Milton BL - Negative Consult Japan CP The United States federal government will enter into binding consultation with the government of Japan on whether or not to and will implement the outcome of consultation. We’ll clarify.

Contention One Theory

1. The Aff must defend immediate, guaranteed plan action. The Aff can’t enact the plan unconditionally and condition it on Japan’s acceptance- A) Fiat assumes the plan happens no matter what, otherwise the 1AC could spike out of all Negative offense by saying the plan is delayed or un-enforced B) There’s no solvency for non-enforced plan action; the government would roll back the plan absent enforcement. 2. Not topical- the counterplan tests the word “resolved” which means “to make a firm decision about,” it also tests “should” which is “used to imply obligation or duty”- counterplans that test the resolution are key to Neg ground [American Heritage Dictionary @ dictionary.com]

Contention Two Solvency

Genuine and binding consultation prior to implementation strengthens and restructures the alliance Mochizuki 97 Mochizuki, Senior Fellow @ Brookings Institute, 1997 

As the U.S.-Japan alliance becomes …………with the major West European allies.

Contention Three The Net Benefit

The U.S.-Japan alliance is on the brink now- relations are tense as the political climate in the two countries changes Brookes 07 (Peter Brookes, columnist for The New York Post and a Heritage Foundation senior fellow, “Japan: Coming of Age”, The Heritage Foundation, March 6, 2007, http://www.heritage.org/Press/Commentary/ed030607a.cfm)

But deepening the Washington-Tokyo relationship …………. bring with it a similar shift in focus.

The U.S.-Japan alliance is key to coral reef protection Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Accessed 2006, "The U.S.-Japan Cooperation on Global Challenges," p http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/n-america/us/agenda/gpers.html ~

Japan and the United States launched …………. civil society organizations (CSO's and NGO's).

And, foreign aid and public health assistance are issues that Japan needs to be and should be consulted on Richard L. Armitage and Joseph S. Nye, February, 2007 (Armitage, 13th United States Deputy Secretary of State, the second-in-command at the State Department; Nye, Dean, Harvard Kennedy School of Government http://www.washingtonspeakers.com/prod_images/pdfs/ArmitageRichard.U.S.-Japan%20Alliance.03.07.pdf

Japan is ideally suited to be a ………….. and health challenges.

Weakening coral reef ecosystems destroys biodiversity and causes millions to starve Dafna Hopenstand, 2002, Wisconsin Environmental Law Journal, Global Warming and its Impact on Near-Shore Communities: Protection Regimes for Fish and Coastal People Affected by Coral Reef Damage, Spring, p L/N~

Coral reefs serve several important ecological ………….. by an enormous demand for food, particularly fish. n68

Ocean biodiversity is key to prevent extinction of all life Robin Kundis Craig, 2003, Associate Professor of Law @ Indiana University School of Law, Taking Steps Toward Marine Wilderness Protection? Fishing and Coral Reef Marine Reserves in Florida and Hawaii, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155, Winter~

The world's oceans contain many resources ………….. relatively intact to future generations. n2

Consult Egypt CP Text: The United States federal government will enter into binding consultation with the Arab Republic of Egypt on whether or not to __________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ and will unconditionally implement the outcome of the consultation.

Contention 1 Theory

1. The Aff must defend immediate, guaranteed plan action. The Aff can’t enact the plan unconditionally and condition it on Egypt’s acceptance-

A) Fiat assumes the plan happens no matter what, otherwise the 1AC could spike out of all Negative offense by saying the plan is delayed or un-enforced

B) There’s no solvency for non-enforced plan action; the government would roll back the plan absent enforcement.

2. Not topical- the counterplan tests the word “resolved” which means “to make a firm decision about,” it also tests “should” which is “used to imply obligation or duty”- counterplans that test the resolution are key to Neg ground [American Heritage Dictionary @ dictionary.com]

Contention 2 U.S.-Egyptian Relations

U.S.-Egyptian relations are on the brink- effective management and building of trust through binding consultation are key to prevent its collapse Aly 04 [Abed Monem Said Aly, Visiting Fellow, Saban Center for Middle East Policy; Director, Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies in Cairo, “The Future of U.S.-Egyptian Relations”, The Brookings Institution, 6/9/04, http://www.brookings.edu/fp/saban/events/saidaly20040609.htm]

At a time when Egypt is embracing political ………… Arab-Israeli conflict and non-proliferation.

Consultation with Egypt over African policy is crucial to U.S.-Egyptian relations Council on Foreign Relations 02 [“Strengthening the U.S.-Egyptian Relationship”, Columbia International Affairs Online, May 2002]

The United States must set new goals and ……………. Middle East-Africa, for example.

U.S.-Egyptian relations are key to Middle East stability Council on Foreign Relations 02 [“Strengthening the U.S.-Egyptian Relationship”, Columbia International Affairs Online, May 2002]

The U.S.-Egyptian relationship is…………the management of the Middle East.

Middle East instability leads to extinction Steinbach 02 [John, Israeli Nuclear weapons: a threat to piece, 3/3 http://www.converge.org.nz/pma/mat0036.htm]

Meanwhile, the existence of an ……………could trigger a world conflagration." (44)

European Union CP

The European Union should. We’ll Clarify

The EU’s human rights, democracy, and governance record makes it uniquely key for solving public health issues in Sub-Saharan Africa European Union Development Policy 06 [Message from Commissioner Louis Michel, 2006]

This assertion is a belief I hold personally ……………..believe that we can, and will, make this happen.

EU Soft Power DA

EU soft power is high now due to a lack of U.S. influence in the developing world- plan reverses this trend Khanna 1/27 [Parag, “Waving Goodbye to Hegemony”, New York Times, 1/27/08, http://www.paragkhanna.com/2008/01/waving_goodbye_to_hegemony.html]

And Europe's influence grows at ………..East Asian Community, the region's answer to America's Apec.

EU soft power is key to energy security Ferrero-Waldner 07 [Benita, European Commissioner for External Relations and European Neighbourhood Policy, “The European Union and the world: a hard look at soft power”, Columbia University September 24, 2007 ]

Those who believe the EU is still ……………. promoting the idea of an international agreement on energy efficiency.

Energy security is key to human survival Makhijani 98 [Arjun, The Energy-Security Link Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, 1998. http://www.ieer.org/ensec/no-5/es-link.html]

Many crucial security, economic, and ………..long half-life (24,000 years) and its high radiotoxicity.

USIA CP

The USIA should be adequately funded and re-established- it is key for any sort of diplomacy and soft power Rugh 04 [William A. Rugh, a career Foreign Service officer with the U.S. Information Agency (1964-1995). He served as U.S. ambassador to Yemen and to the United Arab Emirates. 2004 ‘Fixing Public Diplomacy for Arab and Muslim Audiences’, in S. A. Garfinkle (ed.) A Practical Guide to Winning the War on Terrorism, pp. 145-161. California: Hoover Press, http://media.hoover.org/documents/0817945423_145.pdf]

Several other tools have also proven useful in the past and ……………..public diplomacy for Arab and Muslim audiences.

The US should recommit to public diplomacy abroad – this is critical to building and sustaining soft power – this overcomes a weakness in policy by explaining the pro’s of American actions – independent studies & experts conclude – and this evidence includes a specific example about how current foreign aid can be improved just through diplomacy Zwiebel 06 Director of Range Infrastructure and Investments, US Army Developmental Test Command [Michael J. Zwiebel, “Why We Need to Reestablish the USIA,” Military Review, http://usacac.leavenworth.army.mil/CAC/milreview/English/NovDec06/Zwiebel.pdf]

Favorable perceptions of the United States …………effectiveness of public diplomacy in the Arab-Muslim world.

ACI Tradeoff DA

Funding for the American Competitiveness Initiative, or the ACI, will pass now- however, earmarks can’t be vetoed and would trade off with research and development spending Boyle 08 [Alan, MSNBC Science and Exploration Reporter, “State of the Science”, MSNBC Cosmic Log, 1/29/08, http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2008/01/29/619086.aspx]

Bush, who isn't usually thought of as the most science-savvy president, ……………was thought to be a factor behind this year's R&D woes.

Increases in foreign aid allow for other lobbyists to push through earmarks for other programs Faini 03 (Ricardo Faini, Professor of Political Economy at the University of Rome, “Foreign Aid and Fiscal Policy”, Center for Economic Policy Research, Paper #5721, June)

Advocates of greater spending on foreign aid ………… size of the budget deficit deteriorates markedly.

The ACI is key to maintaining American economic leadership Morris 06 [Michael G., “Testimony of Michael G. Morris, American Electric Power, on the American Competitiveness Initiative/Science and Math Education”, Business Roundtable Newsroom, 3/2/06, http://www.businessroundtable.org/newsroom/document.aspx?qs=58C6BF807822B0F1AD3468722FB51711FCF53CE]

At the outset, I want to express our ………. America is to remain the leader it is today.

Collapse of the U.S. economy causes extinction Witzche 02 [Rolf A. F. Witzsche Economic and Political Researcher and Analyst “Why is the World-Financial and Economic System Crashing? Jan 2002 http://www.rolf-witzsche.com/peace/crash/index.html] MP

The currently outstanding debts have become …………….. becomes an unfullfillable dream for a long time to come.

Law of the Sea DA

A. Law of the Sea will pass now but it will be a fight World Magazine 1-18 [“LOST cause,” http://www.worldmag.com/articles/13691]

If President Bush and the Senate ………. legal support for maritime rights.

B. 

C. Political capital is key to a floor vote Boyer 10-29-2007 [Spencer P, americanprogress.org/issues/2007/10/sea.html]

Passing the Law of the Sea Convention ………….treaty to the Senate floor for a vote.

D. Ratification solves global wars and ocean destruction Hamilton 8-27-2007 [Director of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington and director of the Center on Congress at Indiana University, p. Lexis]

Next month, the Senate will vote on whether the …………..It’s time to ratify this Treaty.

E. Ocean destruction risks extinction Oceans at Risk 2005 [Oceansatrisk.com 05 “Empty Oceans, Empty Nets,” http://www.oceansatrisk.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=page&pageID=443]

Oceans provide 95 percent of the …………..We must act now to preserve the earth’s web of life for future generations