Brophy+Prep+MM+-+Aff

=**Brophy Prep MM - South Africa Human Trafficking Aff **= South Africa is …best they can. Each day, nine…prohibit human trafficking. Victims of sex…to a court. This is a…horrifying living hell.  But there are…are never rescued. Trafficking in persons…all of you. A concern with…within the state. Trafficking in persons…to be done. When providing for…says protected witness Ladies and gentlemen…defeating this scourge.  Johannesburg law enforcers…that release them. The Government today…with the Americans.''
 * Contention One: The Status Quo… **
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">South Africa is one of the largest hubs for international trafficking, however, the South African government cannot adequately respond to the problem at hand **
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">Inter Press Service 2005 **<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">(Human Rights, “South Africa, A Major Player in Human Trafficking,” Africa Growth and Opportunity Act Online, October 3, 2005)
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">Thus the plan: The United States federal government should send Federal Bureau of Investigation agents to South Africa with the purpose of increasing public health assistance. **
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">Contention Two: Welcome to South Africa… **
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">Trafficking is out of hand in South Africa—nine people are trafficked everyday **
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">Xinhua 2005 **<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">(News Service, “Human Trafficking Extensive in South Africa: A Report,” People’s Daily News Online, May 24, 2005)
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">Therefore it is critical that that US assist South Africa in fighting human trafficking **
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">Hilton 2007 **<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">(Luke, Faculty of Humanities located in the Centre for African Studies, University of Connecticut, “Contemporary Slavery: Sex Trafficking in South Africa,” Postamble Report, 2007)
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">We continue with a horrifying experience from a girl named Susannah—she is only one of the millions of victims that are raped and beaten, and left to die **
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">Tiefenbrun 2002 **<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">(Susan, Associate Professor of Law at the Thomas Jefferson School of Law, “The Saga of Susannah: A US Remedy for Sex Trafficking in Women: The Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000” Utah Law Review, 2002)
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">And all of your impact calculus is irrelevant—trafficking is a fate worse than dying **
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">Thoms 2005 **<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">(Karen, Lieutenant Colonel of the US Army and Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the United States Military Academy at West Point, “Human Trafficking A Foreseeable Consequence,” 2005)
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">And in the midst of such obvious human rights’ abuses, we must eradicate the last vestige of every instance of this new form of modern day slavery **
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">Pahad 2007 **<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">(Dr. Essop, Minister in the Presidency at the Global Initiate to Counter Human Trafficking, International Forum, Cape Town, South Africa, March 10, 2007)
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">And focus on improbable impacts only works to prolong the suffering in the status quo **
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">Charlesworth 2002 **<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">(Hillary, Director at the Center for International Public Law and PF Law at the Australian National University, “International Law: A Discipline of Crisis,” 2002)
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">Contention Three: Action is Mandatory… **
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">Firstly, trafficking requires cooperation between countries such as the US and South Africa **
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">Hilton 2007 **<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">(Luke, Faculty of Humanities located in the Centre for African Studies, University of Connecticut, “Contemporary Slavery: Sex Trafficking in South Africa,” Postamble Report, 2007)
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">And there are three reasons as to why FBI is critical to solvency **
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">Hilton 2007 **<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">(Luke, Faculty of Humanities located in the Centre for African Studies, University of Connecticut, “Contemporary Slavery: Sex Trafficking in South Africa,” Postamble Report, 2007)
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">And South Africa is waiting for the US to respond to its cry for help **
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">McCarthy 2002 **<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">(Leonard, Directorate of Special Operations, Ministry of Justice in South Africa, “Tackling Cross Border Crime,”
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">And none of your Disads are unique—the FBI is currently helping South African Police Forces **
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">Gadebe 2007 **<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">(Themba, Staff Writer for the South African News, “FBI Trains South African Police Ahead of 2010,” August 30, 2007)
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">And the FBI and South Africa have empirically been successful and they only want the US for cooperation **
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">New York Times 1998 **<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">(Donald G McNeil Jr., “After the Attack: in South Africa FBI Invited,” The New York Times, 1998)

And an international response is necessary—Africa cannot solve the problem on its own
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">Africa cannot stamp…mechanisms," he added. <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">As Director Mueller…and human rights. And to sit by and do nothing while thousands are trafficked is tantamount to being the pimp <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">To combat the…way they turn. And the US has empirically fixed South Africa’s public health problems Joseph 1997 (James, Ambassador of the US to South Africa, “US South African Relations,” African Security Review, Volume Six, Number Three, 1997) Identify a problem…that is important. <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">I do not…some other principle. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif""> <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">Opponents may argue…Thirteenth Amendment lawsuits. <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">Moreover, trafficking in…evidence from overseas.
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">Eisenstein 2007 **<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">(Zoe, Staff Writer for Reuters, “Africa Wants Global Fight Against Trafficking,” Reuters, July 15, 2007)
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">And the FBI is absolutely crucial in solving for transnational crime **
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">FBI 2008 **<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">(”The FBI’s International Presence,” <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">http://www.fbi.gov/contact/legat/legat.htm <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">, 2008)
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">Bell 1993 **<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif""> (Linda, Professor of Feminist Ethics at Georgia State “Rethinking Ethics in the Midst of Violence,” pg. 35 1993)
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">And rights come first, any alternative framework justifies totalitarian evil **
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">Kateb 1992 **<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">(George, Professor of Philosophy at Princeton, “The Inner Ocean,” 1992)
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">Therefore utilitarian cost benefit analysis doesn’t apply in light of these rights violations **
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">Katyal 1993 **<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">(Neal, Professor of Law at Yale, Yale Law Journal, 1993)
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">And major war is obsolete due to trade, deterrence, and the cost of war **
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">Mandelbaum 1999 **
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">And, international cooperation is necessary when it comes to fighting trafficking **
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">GAO 2007 **<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif""> ( <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">http://www.gao.gov/htext/d07915.html <span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">)

= = =Brophy Prep MM - Marines/Equitorial Guinea Aff=

<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">"As consumer of...the world economy." <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">"It is extremely...<span style="color: rgb(35, 31, 32)">and abet them." <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">“The Bush Administration…on the Gulf region.” <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">“These projections require… and its allies.” <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">“A nuclear terrorist… be fractured husks.” <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">“While there has… steal such material.” <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">“All that leads… has yet experienced.“ <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">“The Middle East's…for the global economy” <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">“From Washington to…to be addressed” <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">“History bears out…for many decades” <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">“Read between the lines…the Middle East” <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">“Equatorial Guinea’s oil…effective defensive skills” <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">“As the 2001…to its dictates” <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">“In 1995 Equatorial…of the country”
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">CONTENTION ONE IS THE US ADDICTION TO MIDDLE EASTERN OIL… **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">UNLESS ACTION IS TAKEN, THE US DEPENDENCE ON MIDDLE EASTERN OIL WILL SKYROCKET IN UPCOMING YEARS **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">LUFT 05 **<span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif""> <span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">(Dr. Gal, Executive Director of the Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, “America’s oil dependence and its implications for U.S. Middle East policy,” Presented before the Senate Foreign Relations Sub-Committee on October 20, 2005).
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">AND WE MUST EXPECT FURTHER TERRORIST ATTACKS BECAUSE OF INTELLIGENCE GAPS **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">QDR 06 **<span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif""> <span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">(Donald, Secretary of Defense, “Chairman’s Assessment of the 2006 Quadrennial Defense Review,”, 2006)
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">THEREFORE IT IS IMPERATIVE THAT THE US SHIFT ITS DEPENDENCY ON OIL FROM THE MIDDLE EAST TO AFRICA **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">IVES 05 **<span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">(Ryan, projects analyst with Novonics Corporation, has an Master’s degree in national security studies from Georgetown University’s School of Foreign Service, “Diversifying The Oil Supply,” International Affairs Review, 2005)
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">THUS THE PLAN: THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES SHOULD ISSUE AN EXECUTIVE ORDER MANDATING THAT A CONTINGENT OF MARINES BE ESTABLISHED ON BIOKO, EQUATORIAL GUINEA. **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">CONTENTION TWO IS TERRORISM AND WE OUTLINE TWO SCENARIOS… **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">SCENARIO ONE: DOMESTIC ATTACKS **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">US PETRODOLLARS ARE FINANCING MIDDLE EASTERN TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">LUFT 05 **<span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif""> <span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">(Dr. Gal, Executive Director of the Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, “America’s oil dependence and its implications for U.S. Middle East policy,” Presented before the Senate Foreign Relations Sub-Committee on October 20, 2005).
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">AND A TERRORIST ATTACK WOULD KILL MILLIONS, THRUST MILLIONS INTO POVERTY, AND COLLAPSE THE WORLD ECONOMY, AND THE MAGNITUDE OUTWEIGHS THE PROBABILITY ALLISON 06 **<span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">(Graham, Director of the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Founding Dean of Harvard’s JFK School of Government and Former Assistant Secretary of Defense in the first Clinton Administration, “The Ongoing Failure of Imagination,” 2006)
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">AND TERRORISM IS A REAL THREAT BECAUSE IT IS EASY FOR TERRORISTS TO GET WEAPONS AND DETONATE THEM **<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">
 * HERBERT 07** <span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">(H. Josef Hebert, Associated Press Writer, 9/26/07, Washington Dateline, â€œReport: Nuclear Terror Threat Realâ€ <span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""> <span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">, Associated Press Online)
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">AND TERRORISM OUTWEIGHS ALL SYSTEMIC IMPACTS PROVING MAGNITUDE OUTWEIGHS THE TIMEFRAME LAQUEUR 96 **<span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">(Walter, Chairman of the International Research Council at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, “Postmodern Terrorism,” Foreign Affairs, Sept.-Oct. p.36 1996)
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">SCENARIO TWO: FOREIGN ATTACKS **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">UNLESS THE US STOPS BUYING MIDDLE EASTERN OIL, TERRORIST ATTACKS ON MIDDLE EASTERN FACILITIES WILL LEAD TO CATASTROPHIC OIL SHOCKS THAT WILL TANK THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY COHEN 07 **<span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">(Ariel, Ph.D, Senior Research Fellow in Russian and Eurasian Studies and International Energy Security in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies, “The National Security Consequences of Oil Dependency,” May 14, 2007)
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">AND OIL SCARCITY AND PRICE SPIKES FROM ATTACKS WILL TRIGGER GLOBAL RESOURCE WARS **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">KLARE 05 **<span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">(Michael T. Klare is a professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College and the author of Blood and Oil: The Dangers and Consequences of America's Growing Dependency on Imported Oil (Metropolitan Books) among other works, The Intensifying Global Struggle for Energy. By Michael T. Klare. TomDispatch.com, May 9, 2005)
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">AND ECONOMIC COLLAPSE LEADS TO EXTINCTION **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">BEARDEN 00 **<span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">(Tom, Lieutenant Colonel US Army, “The Unneccessary Energy Crisis and How to Solve It,”, June 24, 2000)
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">AND THE ONLY WAY TO AVIOD THIS GLOBAL ECONOMIC MELTDOWN IS TO SECURE OIL FROM AFRICA AND ALL CLAIMS THAT AFRICAN OIL IS DIFFICULT TO ATTAIN ARE FALSE BECAUSE IT WOULD BE EASIER TO GET THAN IRAQI OIL MARKOV 07 **<span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif""> (Dr. Marko, Ph.D. in Biophysics, Associated Dean and Chair of Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology at Sofia University, “The Coming Oil Crunch,” Research International and the ODAC, October 8, 2007)
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">CONTENTION THREE IS SOLVENCY… **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">BECAUSE EQUATORIAL GUINEA IS UNSTABLE THE US NEEDS TO INCREASE MILITARY ASSITANCE IN ORDER TO INCREASE PUBLIC HEALTH AND SECURE OIL RESERVES WHICH IS KEY TO DECREASING DEPENDENCE ON MIDDLE EASTERN OIL **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">IVES 05 **<span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">(Ryan, projects analyst with Novonics Corporation, has an Master’s degree in national security studies from Georgetown University’s School of Foreign Service, “Diversifying The Oil Supply,” International Affairs Review, 2005)
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">AND IMPORTING OIL FROM WEST AFRICA IS BETTER THAN GETTING IT FROM THE PERSIAN GULF AND THE AFRICANS WOULD REAP MANY BENEFITS FROM IT COHEN 07 **<span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">(Ariel, Ph.D, Senior Research Fellow in Russian and Eurasian Studies and International Energy Security in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies, “The National Security Consequences of Oil Dependency,” May 14, 2007)
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">AND INCREASED OIL INVESTMENT EQUALS INCREASED PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEMS EQUATORIAL GUINEAN EMBASSY 07 **<span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book","sans-serif"">(Publishing of the Equatorial Guinean Embassy, Washington DC, October 30, 2007)