Rowland+Hall+St.+Marks+BL+-+Chase+Burton+&+Melissa+Leeworthy+aff

**Plan:** **The United States federal government should substantially increase its nanomedicine and health related nanotechnology assistance to South Africa.**
 * NEW NANOTECH AFF**

**__CONTENTION ONE__:** **Nanotech is inevitable by 2020.** **Treder and Phoenix, 2007** **(** Mike,- Executive Director of CRN, BS Biology, University of Washington, Research Fellow with the [|Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies], a consultant to the [|Millennium Project] , Center For Responsible Nanotechnology, Results of Our Ongoing Research, Last Updated April 16, 2007. [|http://www.crnano.org/overview .htm] ) Early development of molecular nanotechnology increases some risks, but reduces others; overall, **While Nanotech is inevitable, three factors prevent successful US development.** **1- Public mistrust because of singular control.** **Nanotech Now in** 4/22/ **2008** (“Improved Governance Needed To Realize Nanotech's Benefits,” Senate Commerce, Science & Transportation Committee Subcommittee on Science, Technology and Innovation hearing "National Nanotechnology Initiative: Charting the Course for Reauthorization, Posted on April 22nd, 2008, [|__http://www.nanotech-now.com /news.cgi?story_id=29030__] )-mikee __Without an improved governance structure, the benefits of nanotechnology__  **2 - South-south divide and structural barriers.**  **Institute for Nanoscale Technology in 2006** (“Nanotechnology in the World,” May, 2006 [|http://www.nano.uts.edu.au /about/world.html)-mikee]  __The NanoEquity project__, conducted since 2003 by Mr Don Maclurcan with the Institute for  **3 – No incentive for investments.** Louise H. **Yeungin 2005** “The Nano-Divide” (Research Assistant for the Center on Nanotechnology and Society and the Institute on Biotechnology and the Human Future at Chicago-Kent College of Law/Illinois Institute of Technology) //Equity//, ISSUES IN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (2005). __[|http://www.nano-and-society .com/topics/ethics/the_nano _divide.html]__ __There has been some joint research between__ the European Union

**__CONTENTION TWO__: China** **Nanotech is humanity’s final arms race – the first nanopower will have total control over the world for the rest of human existence** **Marlow, 2004 (** **John Robert,- Interview on the Superswarm Option Nanotechnology Now, February,** [|**http://www.nanotech-now.com /John-Marlow-Superswarm -interview-Feb04.htm**] **)** Marlow's 2nd Paradox As stated in the Nano novel, __Marlow's Second Paradox is this__ **China is quickly developing nanotechnology for military use. They are the number one threat to our nanotech dominance.** Ashlee **Vance in 2008** (“Ambitious China firms military and commercial R&D ties,” Published Tuesday 4th March 2008, Original URL: [|http://www.theregister.co.uk /2008/03/04/pentagon_2008 _report_china/)-mikee] __China will try to copy the US in any way it__ **This development will allow China to “leapfrog” US dominance.** Richard P. **Appelbaum** **in 2006** (Executive Committee Center for Nanotechnology in Society Departments of Sociology and Global & International Studies University of California “FROM CHEAP LABOR TO HIGH-TECH LEADERSHIP: WILL CHINA'S INVESTMENT IN NANOTECHNOLOGY PAY OFF?” Paper prepared for SASE 2006 Conference “Constituting Globalisation: Actors, Arenas, and Outcomes” Trier, Germany June 30-July 2, 2006)-mikee **__China’s__** __overall ‘technological standing’ was rapidly closing on__ **This will crush US economic leadership and competiveness.** Richard P. **Appelbaum** **in 2006** ( “FROM CHEAP LABOR TO HIGH-TECH LEADERSHIP: WILL CHINA'S INVESTMENT IN NANOTECHNOLOGY PAY OFF?” Paper prepared for SASE 2006 Conference “Constituting Globalisation: Actors, Arenas, and Outcomes” Trier, Germany June 30-July 2, 2006)-mikee **__The fact that 19 of the 20 most prolific nanotechnology__** **Specifically, China will use Africa to spread nanotechnology and increase its Chinese soft power, preventing critical US investments and research.** Calestous **Juma** 28 November **2007** “Africa: Improving China's Image “Prof Juma teaches at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government [|__http://allafrica.com/stories /200711281154.html__] **__China's ability to respond rapidly to requests for investment in__** **Public health-related nanotech will be key to this strategy.** Donald C. **Maclurcan** Submitted: June 28th, **2005** **“**Nanotechnology and Developing Countries Part 2: What Realities?” [|__http://www.azonano.com/Details .asp?ArticleID=1429#_Abstract__] Challenging a 2003 report that stated Chinese **If China succeeds it will develop nanoweapons for offensive purposes – private sector development ensures a Chinese victory. Fortunately, American victory in the arms race solves war.** **Marlow, 2004** (John Robert,- novelist, nonfiction author, screenwriter, freelance journalist, and nanotechnology columnist. writer for NanoNews Now Monthly Report, the premium newsletter published by Nanotechnology Now. John was nominated for the 2004 Foresight Institute Prize in Communication "Nanosecurity and the Future (if Any)" NanoNews Now Monthly Report, a publication of Nanotechnology Now, April, [|http://johnrobertmarlow.com/a_ _homedex.html] ) The Chinese Question According to an October, 2003 article in Small Times magazine, **__OBSERVATION THREE__: Public Health** **A) Poverty -** **First, sub-Saharan Africa is trapped in systemic poverty.**  Jeffery **Sachs in 2004** (“Ending Africa’s Poverty Trap,” Columbia University and UN Millennium Project MICHAEL FAYE, AND GORDON MCCORD UN Millennium Project, Brookings Paper on Economic Activity, [|www.unmillenniumproject.org /documents/BPEAEndingAfricasPov ertyTrapFINAL.pdf+africa +poverty+and+healt] __Africa’s development crisis is unique.__ **Second, Poverty is a form of structural violence – maintaining it is the equivalent of an ongoing thermonuclear war against the poor.** **MUMIA ABU-JAMAL ’98** [(Activist). “A quiet and deadly violence.” 9/19/98. [|__http://www.mumia.nl/TCCDMAJ /quietdv.htm__] ) __We live, equally immersed,__  **Third, Nanotechnology has the unique ability to solve material poverty because molecular engineering will eliminate all poor conditions.**  **Center for Responsible Nanotechnology, 2007** (“Benefits of Molecular Manufacturing,” CRN is a non-profit research and advocacy organization, completely dependent on small grants and individual contributions.[|http://www.crnano.org/benefits .htm)-mikee]  Overview: __Molecular manufacturing (MM)__  **Fourth, Investing in SSA solves the north-south and south-south divide.**  Mohamed H. A. **Hassan in 2005** (NANOTECHNOLOGY: Small Things and Big Changes in the Developing World, Science 1 July 2005: Vol. 309. no. 5731, pp. 65 – 66, [|__http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi /content/full/309/5731/65) -mikee__] __Will such heavy investments lead to a North-South__ **B) Water -** **First, Water scarcity is at a dangerous tipping point that will knock Sub-Saharan Africa into instability and water wars due to lack of clean war.** **Russell** 3/22/ **2008** (Ben, “Water Will be Source of War Unless World Acts Now, Warns Minister,” Political Correspondent for The Independent, [|__http://www.independent.co.uk /news/world/politics/water -will-be-source-of-war-unless -world-acts-now-warns-minister -799292.html__] ) __The world faces a future of "water wars",__ **Second, These wars spillover, go nuclear, and draw in superpowers** **.** **Deutsch 02** Jeffrey, Rabid Tiger Newsletter Vol. II, No. 9, November 18 [|__http://www.rabidtigers.com/rtn /newsletterv2n9.html accessed 6/30/04__] The Rabid Tiger Project believes __that a nuclear war__ **Third, Nanotechnology can create clean access to water for all of Africa.** **Center for Responsible Nanotechnology, 2007** (“Benefits of Molecular Manufacturing,” CRN is a non-profit research and advocacy organization, completely dependent on small grants and individual contributions.[|http://www.crnano.org/benefits .htm)-mikee] Many diverse problems are related to water. **C) DISEASE** **First, Recent ground breaking studies prove that countless diseases are on the rise. Sub-Saharan Africa is a hot spot.**  **Science Daily in 2008** (February 21, “Emerging Infectious Diseases On The Rise: Tropical Countries Predicted As Next Hot Spots,” [|http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2008/02/080220132611 .htm] )-mikee  ScienceDaily (Feb. 21, 2008) — It's not just your imagination. **Second, this causes extinction**  **Steinbruner, 1998** (John, Director of the Center for International and Security Studies @ Maryland, Winter Foreign Policy)  It __is a considerable comfort and__  **Third, Nanomedicine has the ability to transform the public health landscape, solving all aspects of disease.**  **AZO Nano News in 2007** (Using Nanotechnology to Improve Health Care in Developing Countries, January 29th, 2007) [|__http://www.azonano.com/news .asp?newsID=3615)-mikee__] What if doctors in Kenya could equip cells of the **__OBSERVATION FOUR__: Solvency** **First, Nanotechnology will cure disease and give clean water to the entire developing world but a lack of business incentive and awareness makes increase assistance a necessity.** Julia **Moore in 2007** (Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies, “Nanotech promises big things for poor -- but will promises be kept? Health care in developing countries could be greatly improved by nanotechnology” 27-Feb-2007, [|__http://www.eurekalert.org/pub _releases/2007-02/poen-npb02260 7.php)-mikee__] WASHINGTON, D.C. -- " __Nanotechnology has the potential to generate enormous__ **Second, Creating a nanotech center of excellence in sub-Saharan Africa is key to overall acceptance and spread of the technology.**  Mohamed H. A. **Hassan in 2005** (NANOTECHNOLOGY: Small Things and Big Changes in the Developing World, Science 1 July 2005: Vol. 309. no. 5731, pp. 65 – 66, [|__http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi /content/full/309/5731/65) -mikee__] It is for this reason that __the global__ scientific __community should pursue the following policies for the advancement of nanoscience and nanotechnology:__  **Third, South Africa is the perfect place for the center. Success there will lead to effective applications throughout sub-Saharan Africa.**  Gregor **Wolbring** February 15, **2008** “Nano South Africa“[|http://www.innovationwatch.com /choiceisyours/choiceisyours -2008]) In this column I will outline the state of Nano South Africa. __South Africa__ **Independently, South Africa has rare expertise and the infrastructure for productive research and cooperation for US development.** **AllAFricaNews in 2006** (“Continent's Nano Revolution (21/08/06) [|http://allafrica.com/stories /printable/200608180122.html) -mikee] __Although sub-Saharan Africa is a late entrant in this__ **The U.S. is key – they hold all the patents. Sub-Saharan Africa will say yes.** Donald C. **Maclurcan in 2005** (Director of University of Technology, Sydney, “Nanotechnology and Developing Countries” - Part 1: What Possibilities, September 30, 2005 [|__http://servesrilanka.blogspot .com/2005/11/nanotechnology -and-developing.html)-mikee__] However, with patents known to be a useful indicator of “technology development” [69],

**Continued investment in nanotechnology is critical to maintain leadership in the industry.** Chris **Alden in 2002** (R21, “Nanotechnology -- Good or Evil?” [May 20, [|http://www.r21online.com /archives/000007.html-mikee]] In addition to the economic importance, there is a sense from some in government that  **__Observation Five:__  Topicality**  **Nanomedicine assistance deals with communicable diseases.**  Donald C. **Maclurcan in 2005** (Director of University of Technology, Sydney, “Nanotechnology and Developing Countries” - Part 1: What Possibilities, September 30, 2005 [|__http://servesrilanka.blogspot .com/2005/11/nanotechnology -and-developing.html)-mikee__] __TB is just one example of current__  **Nanotechnology is public health technology; it can be used anywhere to solve development, water, and disease.**  Donald C. **Maclurcan in 2005** (Director of University of Technology, Sydney, “Nanotechnology and Developing Countries” - Part 1: What Possibilities, September 30, 2005 [|__http://servesrilanka.blogspot .com/2005/11/nanotechnology -and-developing.html)-mikee__] Yet much of the early commentary from research groups and developing

= = =New aff: Chicken flu=

The United States federal government, specfically the executive, should establish a Global Health Service to expand the capacity of community health workers in the republic of nigeria for the reauthorized President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief.

__contention 1: oh my god! oh my god! Diseses__ __We'll Isolate four scenarios: Scenario 1—you think your immune system sucks now, huh?__ __first__, aids funding will be increase $50 bill soon—the necessary reforms are occuring in pepfar—except they still don't have enough health workers __Early this month, the… ignored Africa, must sustain__
 * __Seattle Post-Intelligencer—2008__** ("HIV/AIDS: Send strong signal" 4/27/08, [|http://seattlepi.nwsource.com /opinion/360666_pepfared.html])

__second__, this assistance without health workers maintains pepfar as a halfway program that will fail and lead to resistance HIV disease is essentially the Black __previous public health campaign.__
 * __Mullan__** – MD, Department of Health Policy, George Washington University – **__2007__** (Fitzhugh, JAMA, "Responding to the Global HIV/AIDS Crisis: A Peace Corps for Health," 2-21-2007, 297:744-746, American Medical Association Journals database)

__third__, drug resistant aids leads to extinction __AIDS is the number__ __extinction of the human race.__
 * __Souden, 2000__** (David, Research Fellow of Emmanuel College, Autumn, Channel 5 Broadcasting Ltd. Project, [|http://darrendixon.supanet.com /killerdiseases.htm])

__fourth__, health workers are a precondition to arv distribution—absence of them results in stop go treatment and resistance that spreads globally—only the plan can solve The prevention, care, and treatment of HIV/AIDS __therapy__ (WHO, 2003a). //p.3-4//
 * __Mullan, et al – 2005__** – Professor of Prevention and Community Health at George Washington Universityc(Fitzhugh Mullan, Claire Panosian, Patricia Cuff, Editors, Board of Global Health at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, Healers Abroad: Americans Responding to the Human Resource Crisis in HIV/AIDS, 4-19-2005, Preface, [|www.nap.edu/catalog/11270.html #toc])

//__Scenario 2—a little more specific—its nigeria__ __first__, aid to nigeria will fail—lack of health workers and brain drain It is time for the National Assembly __festering crisis in the sector.__
 * __Financial Standard—2008__** ** (Adewale Okoya, " **Upgrading Nigeria's health sector",** 4/21/08, [|http://www.financialstandardnew s.com/newsdetail.asp?id=7666]) **

__second__, 400,000 will die a year Women formed the majority the disease in 2008. __and__ future solvency is possible—aids in nigeria spreads globally—5 warrents The stakes for Nigeria and for Africa are high __governance initiatives at stake.__ __and__, global aids causes extinction *we do not endorce the rasist rhetoric of this evidence* The executive director of UNAIDS black race and maybe __the human race .__ __third__, 15 million effected by 2010—aids will destroy nigerian stability an its economy, spreading regionally—international assistance, and more health care workers are key __Experts believe that Nigeria__ __without international assistance,__" he said. __Fourth__, Effective medical infrastructure is a precondition to solving aids in nigeria—anything else is maintaining the stus quo's systems that are failing __Bate and Tren—2004__ (Roger Bates is the Director of Africa Fighting Malaria (U.S. and South Africa), and Richard Tren is a Fellow for the International Policy Network, 7/1/0 4 [|http://www.aei.org/publications /pubID.20841,filter.all/pub _detail.asp]) Infrastructure and Poverty. The medical regimens, was absent. [30] __Fifth__, success in nigeria will be modeled throughout africa and the developing world—4 warrents—heath care system is key __"What we're seeing__ accomplish any lasting change. __and__, action against AIDS in nigeria would set a global president solving global aids __Today it is not certain__ redefine global perceptions of what is possible in Africa. __scenario 2—even more specific—the military__ __first__, aids is hurting the nigerian military now—high mortality __Garrett—2005__ (Laurie Garret is a Senior Fellow for Global Health at the Council on Foreign Relations, 8/05, lexis) Nevertheless, the UN has recently __surge directly ascribed to HIV__. __second__, aids is the leading cause of death in the nigerian military spilling over—the military is key to solve nationally __HIV/AIDS is the leading cause__ __fuel the spread of the disease.__ __third__, even if aids doesn't destroy military readiness it sends a perception of decline that signal to neighboring countries to trigger war The National Intelligence Council warned in __more susceptible to coups d'etat__. __2 impacts first: TROOP deployment__ __first__, CURRENT aids rates will destroy military mobility—causing regional instability—efforts to fight aids in the military will solve nationally Second, the delegation looked at efforts within the __broad strategic and regional impacts.__ __second__, AIDS will continue to cripple the Nigerian military killing its regional respoce to conflicts specifically sudan—sierra leone proves __HIV/AIDS is severely affecting the__ __troops to peacekeeping missions__.
 * __Nigeria-Tribune—2008__** (Remi Adegoke, Lafia, "HIV/AIDS killed 400,000 in 2007", 4/22/08, [|http://www.tribune.com.ng /22042008/news/news10.html])
 * __Cooke—2005__** (Jennifer Cook is the Codirector, Africa Program for the CSIS, "HIV/AIDS in Nigeria Toward Sustainable U.S. Engagement," 3/11/05, [|http://www.csis.org/media/csis /pubs/0508_hivaids_nigeria.pdf])
 * __Muchiri, 2000__** (Michael Kibaara; Staff Member at Ministry of Education in Nairobi; "Will Annan finally put out Africa's fires?" Jakarta Post; March 6; Lexis-Nexis Universe)
 * __Agency France-Presse—2003__** (Dave Clark, "WTO-Nigeria-Cancun-health: Nigerian AIDS treatment in crisis ahead of WTO meet," 8/27/03, [|http://www.aegis.com/NEWS/AFP /2003/AF030887.html])
 * __Paulson—2001__** (Tom Paulson is a Staff Writer for the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, "A breakdown of our primary health care system,", 01 [|http://seattlepi.nwsource.com /africa/nigeria22.shtml])
 * Morrison, 1** (J. Stephen, director of the Africa program at CSIS, The Washington Quarterly, Winter, "The African Pandemic Hits Washington," [|http://www.twq.com/winter01 /morrison.pdf] )
 * __Africa News__** 6/21/ **__04__** (lexis)
 * __Sarin 03__** (Radhika, Staff Researcher, World Watch, 3/1, lexis)
 * __Cooke 05__** (Jennifer, Codirector, Africa Program, Center for Strategic and International Studies, "HIV/AIDS in Nigeria Toward Sustainable U.S. Engagement," August, [|http://www.csis.org/media/csis /pubs/0508_hivaids_nigeria.pdf])
 * __Feldbaum, Lee, and Patel 06__** (Harley, Kelley, and Preeti, Centre on Global Change and Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, "The National Security Implications of HIV/AIDS," [|http://medicine.plosjournals .org/perlserv/?request=get -document&doi=10.1371/journal .pmed.0030171])

__and__, strong ties between etheopia and sudan cause sudanese conflict escalation to cause an etheopian-ertrean border conflict Peter **__Moszynski__**, 20 **__04__** , writer and aid worker with 25 years' experience in Sudan, "There can be no quick fix in Sudan", The Guardian, Wednesday July 28th, [|http://politics.guardian.co.uk /comment/story/0,9115,1270694 ,00.html] Khartoum is desperate to avoid a holistic solution __Ethiopia and Eritrea__. __and__, This conflict would spread regionally—nigerian intervention would solve __Eritrean Ambassador__ __o Nigeria to help us ou__t", he said . __and__, failure to solve the sudan conflict cause refugee flow into chad and the central african republic—causing regional wars and famine- There are now 2.5 million refugees from Darfur, most ma __increasingly vulnerable to attack by warring factions.__ __and__, escalation of violance threatens spilling over to somalia John **__McCain__**, 20 **__04__** , US Senator from Arizona and Presidential Canidate, "Situation in Sudan", May 6th, [|http://mccain.senate.gov/index .cfm?fuseaction=Newscenter .ViewSpeech&Content_id=1283] __As we stand here today, a nomina__ __escalate if we allow Sudan to go up in flames.__ __and__, continued conflict in somalia sparks regional instability As a country with no central government for more than 15 years, Somalis to defend their national sovereignty. __second__, State failure and instability leads to massive migrations, contagious disease spread and proliferation to terrorists and rogue nations culminating in nuclear war The African Studies Centre et al 2K3 (The Transnational Institute, The Center of Social Studies, Coimbra University, and The Peace Research Center – CIP-FUHEM, "Failed and Collapsed States in the International System," December, found at: [|http://www.globalpolicy.org /nations/sovereign/failed/2003 /12failedcollapsedstates.pdf]) __In the malign scenario__ of global __with direct attacks on their national security.__ __second: instabiltiy__ minimal instability is inevitable—the nigerian military is key to prevent it from rising to catastrophic levels—empirically proven General Martin Luther Agwai, the outgoing __have, I think we have done well.__ __Scenario 3—so very specific—yar adua__ the president of nigeria currently has a health condition and has to go out of state when he needs surgury—that will fail—causing national instability—doctors are key __But what is worrisome here__ National Assembly should not hesitate to help out. __2 impacts to instabiltiy: first—military intervetion__ __first__, nigeria is instable now—if the situation becomes worse the us will be forsed to intervete to protect our "natonal interests" __Nigeria is by far the largest__ __if necessary, to protect it.__ __second__, this will fail and only spurs greater instability and terrorism The United States (U.S.), in its anxious search for energy directed against domestic opponents than global terrorists". __second –regonal instability__ __first__, nigerian stability is key to Regional stability—collapse would lead to violence, failed states, and continental instability J. Peter __Pham__, director of the Nelson Institute for International and Public Affairs at James Madison, quoting Paden, Prof. of Int'l Studies at George Mason and dean of Social and Management Sciences, at Bayero University, Nigeria; 4-24 -**__07__** (The National Interest Online, "Nigeria: Crisis of Legitimacy," [|http://www.nationalinterest .org/Article.aspx?id=14120]) "Without a doubt, __Nigeria is central to__ __conflict, violence and decline.__ __second__, impact is esclatory nuclear wars *we do not endorece the animalistic rhetoric of this card* [|http://www.rabidtigers.com/rtn /newsletterv2n9.html]] The Rabid Tiger Project believes that __a__ __some people love to go fishing__. __and now solvency__ __first__, U.S. action is critical to leverage and multiply local responses to ensure a long-term capacity to slow the spread of infectious diseases Envisioning a U.S. Global Health Service This chapter presents __working with colleagues on the ground.__// pg. 86-87 __second__, Brain Drain can be addressed through a reverse flow of health care workers to Africa to make up for migrating health workers—the ghs would do this Currently, __foreign doctors can make__ __self-sufficiency in destination countries__" (JLI, 2004:6). // pg. 37 __contention 2: the new political war__ __First__, the us and europe are in a political battle of democracy promotion that is starting to take stage in africa—anti-amercanism means people will addopt the european parlimentry model and reject the american federalist model Andrew **__Moravcsik__**, Newsweek International, January 31, **__2005__** Dream On America, [|http://www.commondreams.org /headlines05/0125-01.htm] Countries today have dozens written in modern times and reflecting their progressive concerns about racial and social equality , he explains. "To borrow Lincoln's phrase, South Africa is now Africa's 'last great hope'."
 * __Addis Tribune—2004__** (May 28, p. 1)
 * __The Guardian 2007__** (meps and nobel prize laureates condemn lack of international action, lexis nexis, June 5 2007)
 * __Christian Science Monitor__**, December 12, **__2006__**
 * __Vanguard__** 6/3/ **__07__** (lexis)
 * __Financial Standard—2008__** ** (Adewale Okoya, " **Upgrading Nigeria's health sector",** 4/21/08, [|http://www.financialstandardnew s.com/newsdetail.asp?id=7666]) **
 * __Kern 2006__** [Soren, Senior Analyst, the US and Transatlantic Dialogue, Elcano Royal Insitutute, "How the Demand for Oil Drivers American Foreign Policy," June 23]
 * __Amanze-Nwachuku 07__** (Chika, AllAfrica Global Media, Global News Wire - Asia Africa Intelligence Wire. "US MILITARY STRATEGY TO HIGHTEN TENSION IN NIGERIA – REPORT" [|http://web.lexis-nexis.com /universe/document?_m=729235f45 421bfc352f5652a8802030f& _docnum=1&wchp=dGLbVzz-zSkVb& _md5=d957e00a60d35f47d8bfe62231 ffd27d] )
 * Deutsch—02** [Dr. Jeffrey, Contributing Editor for Russian Politics, November 18, accessed 7/25/04,
 * Mullan, et al – 2005** – Professor of Prevention and Community Health at George Washington University (Fitzhugh Mullan, Claire Panosian, Patricia Cuff, Editors, Board of Global Health at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, Healers Abroad: Americans Responding to the Human Resource Crisis in HIV/AIDS, 4-19-2005, [|www.nap.edu/catalog/11270.html #toc])
 * Mullan, et al – 2005** – Professor of Prevention and Community Health at George Washington University (Fitzhugh Mullan, Claire Panosian, Patricia Cuff, Editors, Board of Global Health at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, Healers Abroad: Americans Responding to the Human Resource Crisis in HIV/AIDS, 4-19-2005, Preface, [|www.nap.edu/catalog/11270.html #toc] )

__Second__, this is specifically true with nigeria—the european system will fail and only bring instabiltiy While the majority of the scholarship echoes that have had perfectly stable presidential regimes. __third__, now is ke nigerian federalism will be debated soon and that will decide its fate The case for a debate on federalism __Given__ The Nation newspaper that regularly devotes space to the subject.
 * __Mazo 05__** (Eugene, Post-Doctoral Scholar, Center on Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law, Stanford University, Winter, 41 Stan. J Int'l L. 123, lexis)
 * __All Africa—2008__** (Ladipo Adamolekun, "Nigeria: Let us Debate Federalism, 3/26/08 [|http://allafrica.com/stories /200803260013.html])

__fourth__, nigerian federalism is the only thing that has been preventing instability, state collapse, and ethinic domination For all its tribulations and failures, __Nigeria__ __ethnolinguistic, regional and religious fragmentation.__ __and__, these conflicts cause a nigerian failed state, that spills over causing nuclear war __With every new case of religious__ __fireworks with nuclear detonations.__ __fifth__, nigerian federalism is the only sucssfull way to prevent instability in the long term While reemphasizing the credit __likely be the death of the federation.__ __sixth__, the european model would lead to military rule, collapse of democrcy, ethnic civil wars, and secesionism—empirically proven—while nigeria loves the peace that only the current federalist system can maintain it can be changed __Nigeria is a wholesale product__ __checkered history in Nigeria__ (see Table 1).[|28] __seventh__, while change come from within, us influence can and should be used to consolidate nigerian democracy [*PG240] While such thinking has some merit, it incorrectly characterizes external support. __Foreign support could be seen to reinforce rather than to detract or__ __emented external support can advance democratization and lead to a more peaceful world__. 93 __and__, only through stronger engangement and mutual relatons will nigeria maintain its model of american democarcacy of cordial relations with "the leading nation of the world today __eighth__, your turns don't apply our commitment to democracy promotion is key to its success—and american demo promo is uniquely able to succed without creating instability __Although individual countries may be under__ __support on the stability of undemocratic governments.__
 * Suberu 2005 ,** Professor of political science at Dartmouth college,"Rotimi, RECONSTRUCTING THE ARCHITECTURE OF FEDERALISM IN NIGERIA:THE OPTION OF NON-CONSTITUTIONAL RENEWAL" 2005.
 * __Sankore—2001__** (Rotimi Sankore, "Politics of Ethnic and Religious Conflict", 11/01, [|http://www.nigerdeltacongress .com/particles/politics_of _ethnic_and_religious.htm] )
 * Admolekun**, 20 **05** [Ladipo, professor at the University of Ife, "Nigerian Federalism at the Crossroads: The Way Forward", Publius. Philadelphia: Summer 2005.Vol.35, Iss. 3, p. (proquest)
 * __Aka—2002__** (Philip Aka is the Associate Professor of Political Science at the Chicago State University, 02, "THE "DIVIDEND OF DEMOCRACY": ANALYZING U.S. SUPPORT FOR NIGERIAN DEMOCRATIZATION", [|http://www.bc.edu/schools/law /lawreviews/meta-elements /journals/bctwj/22_2/01_TXT.htm])
 * __Aka—2002__** (Philip Aka is the Associate Professor of Political Science at the Chicago State University, 02, "THE "DIVIDEND OF DEMOCRACY": ANALYZING U.S. SUPPORT FOR NIGERIAN DEMOCRATIZATION", [|http://www.bc.edu/schools/law /lawreviews/meta-elements /journals/bctwj/22_2/01_TXT.htm])
 * __Aka—2002__** (Philip Aka is the Associate Professor of Political Science at the Chicago State University, 02, "THE "DIVIDEND OF DEMOCRACY": ANALYZING U.S. SUPPORT FOR NIGERIAN DEMOCRATIZATION", [|http://www.bc.edu/schools/law /lawreviews/meta-elements /journals/bctwj/22_2/01_TXT.htm]
 * __Aka—2002__** (Philip Aka is the Associate Professor of Political Science at the Chicago State University, 02, "THE "DIVIDEND OF DEMOCRACY": ANALYZING U.S. SUPPORT FOR NIGERIAN DEMOCRATIZATION", [|http://www.bc.edu/schools/law /lawreviews/meta-elements /journals/bctwj/22_2/01_TXT.htm])

=**TOC Round 1 -**=

Advantage one is Chikungunya: THE ONGOING CHIKUNGUNYA EPIDEMIC IS THE BIGGEST PUBLIC HEALTH CRISIS IN THE REUNION’S HISTORY JP Boutin, 2006 (“Chikungunya fever in La Reunion Island—2006”, Med Trop (Mars), 2006 June; 66(3): 221-5) “The epidemic of Chikungunya fever that…the hazards of the tropical environment.” THE U.S. MILITARY HAS THE ONLY SUCCESSFUL VACCINE FOR CHIKUNGUNYA, BUT REFUSES TO RELEASE IT Global Pulse, 7 March 2006 (“U.S. Military Has Chikungunya Vaccine”) “At its top secret medical facility, the U.S. military developed…or indirectly from chikungunya infection.” CHIKUNGUNYA WILL INEVITABLY SPREAD OFF THE ISLAND OF REUNION ABSENT THE RAPID DISTRIBUTION OF A SUCCESSFUL VACCINE Martin Enserink, 21 December 2007, Science: Vol. 318. No. 5858, pp. 1860-1861, “Chikungunya: No Longer a Third World Disease” “An explosive outbreak in a remote corner of France…in an unexpected place, Higgs says.” THE TIMEFRAME IS IMMEDIATE-THE NEXT OUTBREAK WILL COME IN A MONTH Anand Subramanian, 7 November 2007, BA, Computer Application, Indira Gandhi National Open University, Chikungunya Fever Guide, “Chickungunya Virus Still a Threat in Europe” “Today the health experts who first studied…since the mosquitoes eggs hatch by then.” CHIKUNGUNYA WILL COLLAPSE ANY ECONOMY IN WHICH IT SPREADS FluTrackers, 4 April 2006, “Pandemic Chikungunya” “We at FluTrackers believe that it is important…the same fate as La Reunion and Madagascar.” THE UNITED STATES IS THE MOST LIKELY SCENARIO FOR SPREAD Amy Nutt, 22 November 2006, Newhouse News Service, “Deadly Tropical Disease Arrives on U.S. Shores” “Chikungunya, a severe and sometimes deadly…I think it’s a crapshoot.” WE CONTROL THE TERMINAL UNIQUENESS-DESPITE RISKS TO GROWTH, ECONOMY WON’T TILT INTO RECESSION UNLESS LABOR MARKET SLIPS FURTHER AP 2/14/2008 (“Bernanke Believes U.S. Will Avoid Recession”) “Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke and Treasury Secretary Hank Paulson both…in January,” Bernanke said.”

US ECONOMIC COLLAPSE WOULD DESTROY THE GLOBAL ECONOMY AND ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE BETWEEN THE US AND CHINA CAUSING WAR Mead 2004 “Similarly, in the last 60 years…U.S. foreign policy in 2004 and beyond.” NUCLEAR USE IS GUARANTEED Cook, 14 June 2007, “It’s Official: The Crash of the U.S. Economy has begun” “Times of economic crisis produce…how about a few nukes?” U.S. ECONOMIC COLLAPSE ENSURES GLOBAL COLLAPSE Peter Bolton, 1 August 2006, “Global Economic Collapse – A New Global Dark Age” “The economy of the Untied States of America (USA) is about…prior to this pending event” EUROPE IS THE OTHER MOST LIKELY SCENARIO FOR SPREAD Didier Fontenille, Anna Failloux, and Roberto Romi, October 2007, “10. Should we expect Chikungunya and Dengue in Southern Europe?” Emerging pests and vector-borne diseases in Europe “The answer to the question ‘Should…should a new arbo-virus outbreak be discovered.” THE EUROPEAN ECONOMY IS CRITICAL TO THE GLOBAL ECONOMY Steven Hill, 7 October 2007, Washington Post, “5 Myths About Sick Old Europe” “In the global economy, today’s winners can…and a $3 billion trade surplus.” COLLAPSE OF ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE MAKE GLOBAL NUCLEAR WAR INEVITABLE Mandelbaum 2005 (“The Case for Goliath: How America Acts as the World’s Government in the Twenty-First Century”, p. 224) “At best, an American withdrawl would…in large numbers, of nuclear weapons.” THOSE WARS ESCALATE TO EXTINCTION Bearden 2000 ECONOMIC COLLAPSE IS THE ONLY SCENARIO FOR WAR THERE IS NO OTHER MOTIVE OR FOCUS Mandelbaum 1999 (Project on East-West Relations, Council on Foreign Relations, Survival Winter 1998/1999) “It is a major war, not war in general…becoming wealthy than in risking their lives in war.” **ADVANTAGE TWO IS VACCINE ADVOCACY:** THE WORLD IS ENTERING A STATE OF VACCINE FATIGUE-U.S. LEADERSHIP IN IMMUNIZING LESS DEVELOPED NATIONS IS CRITICAL TO SPARK RENEWED GLOBAL VACCINE ADVOCACY M.A. Balinska, 2004, Institute National de Prevention et d’Education pour la Sante (INPES), “What is vaccine advocacy? Proposal for a definition and action”, Vaccine, 22 (11-12), 29 March, p. 1335-1342, ScienceDirect “The most obvious change over the past one hundred…the right to be protected against a preventable or avoidable disease out to be indisputable.” U.S. LEADERSHIP IN VACCINE ADVOCACY IS CRITICAL TO MOBILIZE SUPPORT FOR AN AIDS VACCINE, THE ONLY LONG-TERM SOLUTION TO AIDS Seth Berkley, 2004, President and CEO, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, “Leadership Dialogue: The Rockefeller Foundation and the International AIDS Vaccine” “What happens, though, is all of a sudden…in and is interested in other things” GLOBAL VACCINE ADVOCACY IS CRITICAL TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SUCCESSFUL VACCINE FOR HIV Malegapuru Makgoba, Nandipha Solomon, and Timothy Tucker, 2002, “Science, medicine, and the future: The search for an HIV vaccine”, BMJ 2002; 324: 211-213, 26 January “HIV infections and deaths from AIDS continue…programmes should be given the highest priority.” AN AIDS VACCINE IS THE ONLY LONG-TERM SOLUTION TO AIDS Dr. Seth Berkely, December 1, 2007, “The world needs an AIDS vaccine” “Because hope is a treasure, countless people…ending the epidemic is a preventive vaccine.” 4 IMPACTS FIRST SLOW SPREAD: THE IMPACT IS EXTINCTION Murchiri 2000 SECOND MUTATION: ONLY A CURE CAN SOLVE AIDS AND STOP IT FROM MUTATING GOING AIRBOURN LEADING TO EXTINCTION Spignesi 2004 (Stephen, “Catastrophe! The 100 Greatest Disasters of all Time”, p. 12) “Regardless of the means of transmission…as did the Black Death and influenza.” THIRD EMERGING DISEASES: 200 MILLION INFECTED BY 2020—KILLS HUMAN IMMUNITY NEWSDAY, 31 March 2001 “Today, with the AIDS epidemic 20 years old…as well as microbes and parasites from other animal sources.” THIS IS THE GREATEST THREAT TO HUMAN SURVIVAL Zimmerman and Zimmerman 1996 (Killer Germs, p. 132) “Then came AIDS…and Ebola and Lassa fever…dominance on the planet is the virus.” FOURTH ECONOMY: AIDS THREATENS THE ECONOMY OF EVERY COUNTRY IT HITS Gostin 2000 (“The Aids Pandemic, Complacency, Injustice, and Unfulfilled Expectations”, p. 295) Societies are altered fundamentally as a result of…effect on the economies of other countries.” **PLAN:** The United States federal government should immunize all places in Africa profoundly affected by the Chikungunya virus.

Rowland Hall St Marks BL – Affirmative – Spivak/Debate Bad

Billions are affected everyday by the lack of access to adequate healthcare. Sub-Saharan Africa has been delegated to the periphery of Western consideration, with devastating consequences. Gandy, 2k5 www.plosmedicine.org “the world is now experiencing the most profound public health………..the global politics of public health”

The other’spermanent lack of health care is directly linked to the exclusionary nature of modern population governance Gandy, 2k5 www.plosmedicine.org “in order to understand better the political dynamics……….no value within the global economy”

Even our best intentions are inevitably enmeshed in the ongoing logic of colonialism and cultural imperialism. The more benevolent our purpose, the more subtly this logic becomes a normalized part of our relationship with the Other. Kapoor, 2k4 “Hyper-self-reflexive development? Spival on representing the Third World ‘Other’” Spivak underlines how we cannot encounter the Third World today……….the world is not to be fully global’

Our representations of the Third World is constantly informed by our institutional position. We create the subaltern as something that we can recognize, comprehend, and control Kapoor Of course, the above critique is not meant to pose as a…..we want to know it and control it.

Traditional approaches to the resolution beg us to locate ourselves outside of post-coloniality, in order to act as saviors to the Third World. This positioning allows us to duck our complicity in domination, and simultaneously claim to innocently represent the Other Kapoor 2k4 But Spivak is quick to examine the other side of the equation. She reproaches Western researchers/academics for something……own ability to speak and be heard’

As such, perhaps the most important thing that we can do is be self reflexive about the institution that defines our knowledge and relationship to the subaltern; namely, debate. Our institution insist that we confront our representations of Otherness. THe problem is that all too often, we simplify this incredibly complex and diverse questions of differences into something the westnern imagination can quickly and esily comprehend. Either blindly insisting on “strait up’ policy stype with all tosrts of great essentialist solutions to the healthcare crisis in Africa; or we go K style, and try to distance ourselves from the social institutions that regulate and define existence. Both seem to either ignore or outright deny our complicity in a history of domination over the subaltern. Its almost as if the only true universal is the delpolyment of univeralsim

The question then is whether we recognize the way our rezolusiton and our activiey speaks to us, or chooses to passively accept the hierarchical representations and relationship with differene that our activyt ensures.

We affirm our resolution.



THe nature of the activity is to take difference and convert it into a commodity that can be quickly disseminated and understood. But our argument is not that debate is ‘bad’. We are as seduced by the acvitity as everyone else is, and that nothing else that compartes to this fourum for politial edu. Our arugment is that we are all a part of this institution, and as such we are all part of the discourses that it circulatioes and affirms if any of us are truly concerned about afirica and the health of its poupation, then our participation in this aitivy must begin with a criical examination of our relationship with diffence it may never be possible to ‘’accurately’’ represtn differe,nce, but we will always be haunted by domination, colonialism, and global mistery if we continue to view ourselves as a tanspantion window into the epeirnoce of the subaltern.

And to that end, we should affirmt the rez. We are in the beslly of the beast now foalks. We are in the middle o f our institution most protected practive = the debate round. It is only by embrascing the impossible position that this rez puts us in tat we can begin to hold this instutiotn accountable Kapoor 04 “Taking Derrida’s lead, Spivak insits that deconsturtion….them accoutnale to the subaltnr.

Stepping away from our traditional assumptions about the subaltern and the debate insittiion is an essential steop in any attempt to learn from our encounrters with difference. We should strive for an approach to the problems outlined in the rz that emphasive open dialonge, instead of mastery and domination. In this sense, our affirmation of the rez should be seen as a pre-req for new forms of learnding Kappor ‘Learning from below’ is a tired and tird formula, particularly………………………….reuqires yoru practice of responsibility as pre-originary right’.

Role of ballot The ballot plays a cirical role in the way we realte to our institutional practices. It is literally the deciding factor in a system that insists on a competitive clash of knowelge, with the judge using the ballot to determine which type or use of knowege should advance, and ultimate rep the suceess of activity. In mayny ways, the hiarchinzation that this process entails is inev whitn the debate., instu but not make immunte from self rrs. As a judge, you make investment every time you dip Voet aff may not rez but offers acknowege relations hip with otherness.

Rowland Hall St Marks BL – Affirmative – MEDFLAGS

Note – in a lot of our rounds the econ advantage here has been replaced with one of two add-on advantages, both at the bottom.

Contention I Inherency

The US and China are fighting a political war for regional interests in Sub-Saharan Africa, and China is winning control of regional anchor states. Absent action by the US, our interests will be lost Lovelace 07 (Douglas, Director of Strategic Studies Institute, Forward to “Political Warfare in Sub-Saharan Africa”, March)

Africa today has emerged as a continent…. And uses it seriously

We have political warfare capabilities – for example, air force MEDFLAG operations to give public health assistance Chau 07 (Donovan, MOState Department of Defense and Strategic Studies, Expert in threats emerging from Africa for AMTI (an ex-special ops security group), “Political Warfare in Sub-Saharan Africa” March)

The U.S. Air Force also possesses…. Within its support units.

However, these programs don’t work – a lack of DOD interest in health operations keeps them under-sized Carafano and Gardiner, 2003 (James Jay, Senior Research Fellow for National Security and Homeland Security in the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, and Nile is Jay Kingham Fellow in International Regulatory Affairs in the Center for International Trade and Economics, at the Heritage Foundation, “US military Assistance for Africa: A better solution,” [|http://www.heritage.org/Research/Africa/bg1697.cfm)]

U.S. military strategy is supposed…. EUCOM’s attention and resources.

The Department of Defense should establish yearly MEDFLAG exercises in Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa.

Contention II is Hege

China is turned towards Africa as the key to it’s major foreign policy objective – the acquisition of global leadership and hegemony Chau 07 (Donovan, MOState Department of Defense and Strategic Studies, Expert in threats emerging from Africa for AMTI (an ex-special ops security group), “Political Warfare in Sub-Saharan Africa” March)

Chairman Mao Tse-tung…. Achieve great power status.

And, China is winning the political war – they are currently succeeding in Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa, which are the key strategic states in Africa Chau 07 (Donovan, MOState Department of Defense and Strategic Studies, Expert in threats emerging from Africa for AMTI (an ex-special ops security group), “Political Warfare in Sub-Saharan Africa” March)

Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, and…. Technical and scientific fields.

These diplomatic exertions are tied to China’s military buildup and push for global leadership Pan 06 (Esther, Council on Foreign Relations, May 18, “China’s Soft Power Initiative”)

Introduction China's much-noted economic progress…. It’s China wielding a club

That devastates US leadership; it’s a zero-sum tradeoff O’Connell 06 (Meghan, UPI, “China Threatens to Rival American Power Status”, June 22, [|http://www.spacewar.com/reports/China_Threatens_To_Rival_American_Power_Status.html)]

China's rapid military expansion over recent…. Have a global impact.

Very bad Thayer 06

Independently, Chinese hege collapses our ability to maintain trade deals and resource connections Zweig and Jianhai 05 (David, director of the center on China’s Transnational Relations at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, and Bi, postdoctoral fellow at the same location, Foreign Affairs, “China’s Global Hunt for Energy”, September/October, [|http://fullaccess.foreignaffairs.org/20050901faessay84503/david-zweig-bi-jianhai/china-s-global-hunt-for-energy.html)]

The United States has recently… a Chinese military.

Africa is the future of global oil supplies – trade connections are key to prevent shortages Shinn 07 (David, CSIS Africa Policy writer, “Africa, China, the United States, and Oil” May 8,)

The 53 countries in Africa possess… that comes from the Middle East.

Supply shortages cause oil price hikes Williams 05 (James, WTRG Economics, “History and Analysis – Crude Oil Prices” [|http://www.wtrg.com/prices.htm)]

Crude oil prices behave much… the late 1970s.

The Economist 04 (April 23)

China is already on the verge of overheating. But… frayed as in tatters

And that tanks the global economy Stein 02 (Charles, Business Columnist for the Globe, Boston Globe , March 31, Lexis)

A coincidence? No way. More than any time …. Stop selling. And growing.

Impact is shootouts and extinction Bearden 00 T.E., LTC U.S. Army (Retired), [“The Unnecessary Energy Crisis: How to Solve It Quickly,” http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a3aaf97f22e23.htm, June 24]

History bears out that desperate nations… for many decades.

Contention III is Solvency

Military medical operations are a cheap and effective method of engagement and establish us politically – we control empirics on this question Carroll 01 (Terry, Colonel in US Army, “Engagement or Marriage: The Case for an Expanded Military Medical Role in Africa)

Just as the NSS provides grand… synchronize efforts worldwide.

MEDFLAG exercises are effective tools for political warfare and defense strategy – experts conclude they’re the single most important way for the US to access Africa Fox 97 (William Jr, Army Lieutenant Colonel, Special Forces officer and flight surgeon, “Military Medical Operations in Sub-Saharan Africa” June 24)

But, if such an overarching long-term… most recent MEDFLAG missions.

Also, US military intervention in sub-Saharan Africa is inevitable; the only question is how we shape our policy Schaefer 07, Heritage Foundation, 2.7. (Brett, “Creating an Africa Command,” [|http://www.heritage.org/Research/Africa/wm1349.cfm)]

Africa is no longer a distant… in coming years.

And, Even they you win a world without hegemony is better, they still lose – getting there would mean massive transition wars across the globe Posen and Ross 97 (Barry Posen, Professor of Political Science in the Defense and Arms Control Studies Program at MIT, Andrew Ross, Professor of National Security Studies at the Naval War College, International Security, Winter 1997)

The United States can, more… for those not directly involved.

The impact to these wars is extinction Nye 90, Former Dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, Bound to Lead p. 17 1990

Perceptions of change… history as we know it may end.

Finally, underestminating China is the single greatest danger and is a legitimate threat to security; their alternative would uniquely increase the possibility of war. Mearsheimer 05 (John, prof. of polisci at U of Chicago, November 18, The Australian, “The Rise of China Will Not Be Peaceful at All”, lexis)

THE question at hand is simple and profound: will… between Beijing and Washington

ADD-ON/1AC ADVANTAGE – CHINESE HEGE BAD

a. Causes Japanese rearmament Roy ’94 (Denny,-Professor of Political Science at the National University of Singapore, “Hegemon on the horizon? China's threat to East Asian security,” International Security, Summer, Volume 19, Number 1) For their part, the Japanese…. The previous cold war.

b. Immediate and escalatory global nuclear war Khalilzad 95 (Zalmay, RAND Corporation, Losing The Moment? Washington Quarterly, Vol 18, No 2, p. 84)

Without U.S. protection, Japan… more catastrophic than the last

c. Asian arms races Business Week ’03 (1-20, Lexis)

If Japan could get beyond the hurdles… ever more perilous future.

d. Impact is nuclear war Cirincione 00 (Joseph, Dir – Non-Proliferation Project, CEIP, Foreign Policy, 3-22, Lexis)

The blocks would fall quickest… nuclear weapon since 1945