Little+Rock+LS+-+Hillary+Ledwell+&+Robert+Shuffield+aff

TOC Round 1:

Little Rock LS – Affirmative – Disease Surveillance

Contention one: Disease X A new disease is inevitable—disease surveillance is vital to prevent a pandemic Reuters, August 23, 2007 (“UN: Diseases Spreading Faster Than Ever,” http://www.cnn.com/2007/HEALTH/conditions/08/23/health.un.reut/ index.html?eref=rss_topstories) Infectious diseases. . . 1.5 billion people. Climate and mixture of animal and plant life make Africa the key place to check emerging disease Africa News, April 27, 2006 (“Animal and Plant Diseases a Growing Threat”, lexis) A UK government. . . used to be. These diseases are devastating if left unchecked—they kill more than war, famine, or crime Stefansson, Head of Science and Society at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 2003 (Halldor, EMBO REPORTS, “Infectious Disease and Bioweapons”, November 8-9, [|http://www.nature.com/embor/journal/v4/n6s/full/embor843.html)] Microorganisms. . . accidents or crime. Specifically—an avian flu outbreak is coming in Africa—weak immune systems and famine cause the disease to synergize with others and become even more deadly Davis, Professor of History at U of California and author on the Avian Flu, February 7, 2007 (Mike, THE GUARDIAN, “The plague of bird flu will erupt out of Java, not Suffolk”, [|http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/story/0,,2007340,00.html)] In most of. . . elsewhere in Java. A mutation is imminent—makes the virus rampant Forbes, 10-4-2007 (“Key Viral Change Could Help Bird Flu Spread”) US scientists. . . a human virus. Mutations cause global spread – quickly killing billions and shattering the global economy Satish Chandra, 5-7-2004 (Deputy National Security Advisor of India, Center for Strategic Decision Research, Global Security: A broader Concept for the 21st Century, [|http://www.csdr.org/2004book/chandra.htm)] This scenario. . . rate is estimated. That’s global nuclear war Walter Mead, economics badass and member of NPQ board of advisors, 1992 (New Perspectives Quarterly, Summer, p. 30) If so, this. . . in the 30’s. That makes all other impacts inevitable The Guardian 2006 (Larry Elliott, “Bird Flu” could be 21st century Black Dealth, January 27th, http://www.guardian .co.uk/birdflu/story/0,,1696021,00.html ) Avian flu has. . . of the spectrum. Disease surveillance is key to solve Stephen B. Blount, 5-2-2007 (MD, MPH, Director Office for Global Health US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention before the Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor, HHS, Education, and Related Agencies, United States Senate, http://www .hhs.gov/asl/testify/2007/05/t20070502a.html) Currently the US. . . respond effectively. Contention two: Bioweapons Subpoint A: The death toll Biological terrorism is easy and likely—Africa is a unique flashpoint because of endemic pathogens and weak infrastructure—surveillance is key to check an attack Njuguna, Masters in Biotechnology and prominent contributor on bioweapons to Bonn International Center, 2005 (James Thuo, AFRICAN SECURITY REVIEW, Vol. 14, No. 1, “Evaluating the threat of biological weapons in Eastern Africa”, http://www.iss.co.za/index.php?link_id=3&slink_id=1967&link_type=12&slink_type=12&tmpl _id=3) Terrorist groups exist. . . African Security Review. Bioterrorism causes extinction—the risk is larger than nuclear conflict Richard Ochs, 7-9-2002 (Analyst for the chemical weapons working group, Biological Weapons Must Be Abolished Immediately, [|http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html)] Of all the weapons. . . extinction is now possible. The US has a shortage of trained personnel who can recognize exotic pathogens—this kills any effective response and guarantees mass casualties Katz, doctoral candidate at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs and the Office of Population Research at Princeton University, 2002 (Rebecca, The Washington Quarterly, “Public Health Preparedness: The Best Defense against Biological Weapons,” Summer, vol. 25, no. 3, p.69, ln) When Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome. . . attack agents. Even if bioweapons don’t cause extinction, US casualties mean retaliation—this escalates into nuclear war Lt Col Harry W. Conley, Spring 2003 (chief of the Systems Analysis Branch, Directorate of Requirements, Headquarters Air Combat Command (ACC), Langley AFB, Virginia. Air & Space Power Journal, http://www. airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/spr03/conley.html) The number of. . . had been made.

Information sharing and cooperation mean nothing—hands on training is vital Smolinski et al. 2003 – Director of the Global Health and Security Initiative at Nuclear Threat Initiative [Marks. Smolinski (Former Senior Program Officer at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academics of Science and Epidemic Intelligence Officer for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Margaret A. Hamburg (Vice President for Biological Programs at Nuclear Threat Initiative), & Joshua Lederberg (Directs the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Informatics at The Rockefeller University) Editors, Board on Global Health at the institute of the National Academics, Microbial threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response, 3-18-2003, http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10636.html] The real world information. . . management positions. The US must lead these efforts—it’s the only country that can effectively coordinate info sharing and make it useful—otherwise all surveillance is useless Smolinski et al. 2003 – Director of the Global Health and Security Initiative at Nuclear Threat Initiative [Marks. Smolinski (Former Senior Program Officer at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academics of Science and Epidemic Intelligence Officer for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Margaret A. Hamburg (Vice President for Biological Programs at Nuclear Threat Initiative), & Joshua Lederberg (Directs the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Informatics at The Rockefeller University) Editors, Board on Global Health at the institute of the National Academics, Microbial threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response, 3-18-2003, http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10636.html] The United States should. . . such as CDC. Subpoint B: Bioweapons Convention The BWC is weak and unraveling – perceived U.S. commitment is critical to shore up compliance Jonathan B. Tucker, 2004 (Senior Fellow in the Washington, D.C. office of Center of Nonproliferation Studies, where he specializes in chemical and biological weapons issues, The Nonproliferation Review, http://cns.miis.edu/ pubs/npr/vol11/111/111tucker.pdf) In the face of. . . some policy recommendations. These norms are vital and U.S. support is the only way to make them credible Michael Barletta and Amy Sands, 2002 (Monterey Institute of International Studies, After 9/11: Preventing Mass-Destruction Terrorism and Weapons Proliferation, a publication of the Center for Nonproliferation Studies, [|http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/opapers/op8/op8.pdf)]

However, the international norm. . . by the United States. New research guarantees genetic weapons are imminent—strong BWC is the only check Ethirajan Anbarasan, March 1999 (BBC World Service, quoting multiple genetics experts, UNESCO COURIER, a publication of the United Nations, [|http://www.unesco.org/courier/1999_03/uk/ethique/txt1.htm)] Scientists have warned. . . acquiring biological weapons.

That’s really bad: they are instruments of genocide, the research process creates errors that risk extinction, and the weapons themselves outweigh all other security threats. Wayne Krug 1999 (The Threat of Genobiological Weapons, http://www.kingdomofprussia.com/Genobiological Weapons.htm) Many advances have. . . pose to humanity. Africa is critical to the BWC and disease surveillance is crucial to boost implementation and anti-BW norms John Borrie and Dominique Loye, 2005 (leads a project on ‘Disarmament as Humanitarian Action’ at the UN Institute for Disarmament Affairs in Geneva. Previously he worked in the Mines-Arms Unit of the ICRC, and before that he was New Zealand ’s deputy head of mission for disarmament in Geneva and working on biological disarmament issues. Deputy Head of the Mines-Arms Unit of the International Committee of the Red Cross in Geneva. His current work covers issues related to weapons and international humanitarian law. African Security Review Vol 14 No 1, http://www.iss.co.za/index.php?link_id=3&slink_id=1978&link_type=12&slink_type= 12&tmpl_id=3) The 1925 Geneva Protocol. . . in their own interests. Surveillance is critical to deterrence and to make the Protocol and other measures to boost the BWC effective—they’re useless by themselves and arguments otherwise are dated and wrong John R. Walker 2003 (the Arms Control and Disarmament Research Unit, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, London. EMBO Reports – vol 4,-- European Molecular Biology Organization -- [|http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1326441)] Our response to bioterrorism. . . was first created. The plan is the best way to boost the US Commitment to the BWC—efforts by the nations themselves fail Joseph Biden 3-19-2002 (US Senator of Delaware, Ranking Member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Federal News Service, lexis) How can the. . . to the WHO network. Thus the plan The United States federal government, specifically the Executive Branch, should issue an executive order to substantially increase the following forms of assistance: Disease Research, Surveillance, Isolation, and Containment Centers – with one regional center established in the East, West, Central, and Southern regions of the African subcontinent. These centers will be equipped to offer outbreak assistance and will operate epidemiological early warning systems (designed to monitor disease vectors). Appropriate training shall be offered. We get to clarify intent.

Contention three: Solvency DRSICC’s would solve in Africa and are the best way to check a deadly pathogen in the US William Fox Jr., 1998 (M.D., is en route to assignment as the Commander of Bayne-Jones Army Hospital, Ft. Polk, LA, where he concurrently will serve as Command Surgeon of the Joint Readiness Training Center -- Parameters, Winter 1997-98, pp. 121-36. -- [|http://carlisle-www.army.mil/usawc/parameters/97winter/fox.htm)] Disease research, surveillance. . . humanitarian disaster Disease surveillance provides the best hands on training and the CDC is the only agency with experience coordinating other key agencies like the WHO in response Gerberding, 4/26/2004 (Julie, MPH Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Administrator, Agency for Toxis Substances and Disease Registry, “CDC's Terrorism and Global Disease Detection Efforts,” Testimony before Subcommittee on Labor, Health, and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies, Committee on Appropriations, [|http://usinfo.state.gov/xarchives/display.html?p=washfile-english&y=2004&m=April&x=20040428171224CMretroP0.1728632)] Ultimately even the best. . . to protect health

The US is actually key—the Canadian government conducted a comparative international study—the results prove no one is better at surveillance and outbreak assistance National Advisory Committee on SARS and Public Health October 2003 (Learning from SARS: Renewal of Public Health in Canada, [|http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/sars-sras/pdf/sars-e.pdf)] For comparative purposes. . . is unmatched globally The plan creates a new-and-improved BWC – a small boost today breaths-life into efforts that fix other issues with the BWC tomorrow David A. Koplow 2003 (Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Maryland Law Review, lawrev) Of course, even. . . areas of accord

Politics link turns: Dis surveillance is widely pop Charlene Porter Washington File Staff writer Dec 8 2005 Lexis Bipartisan support is. . . double this amount Win for Bush Dana Bash CNN White House correspondent 1/11/2005 Lexis One Bush advisor. . . bird flu pandemic Widely popular Brian Knowlton International Herald Tribune 2005 Congressional attention to. . . is dangerously unprepared Surveillance is unpop—budget cuts prove Gwyn Winfield CBRNe World “Threat Watch” March 2007 CDC’s disease surveillance. . . in the US too. CDC spending unpop Kate Matus “House approves amendment to prevent squandering funds on luxurious and unnecessary people” July 2007 First District Congressman. . . advance this goal. Surveillance spending is unpop Jeff Nesmith, Cox News Service, “CDC Budget for Core Activities is Cut” 2007 The core programs of. . . local health departments