Sheboygan+North+KM+Aff

[M2 Presswire. “Africom to focus on Military, not Humanitarian Role” 3-25-08. Lexis] In a key briefing…on he said. [Rachel. NYT Economic Analyst. “How Deep is Economic Abyss?” __The New York Times__, 3/24/08. Lexis] __ For months, __ …consumers alike [Robert. Newsweek Political Pundit. “Bush’s Legacy: Partisan Politics” __Washington__ __Post__, 3/20/08. Lexis] But __with less than one year__...__capital anymore__. [Alice. “United States: Federal Circuit to Re—Assess Standards for Patent-Eligible Subject Matter” [|www.mondaq.com] 4/8/08] In 1980, the…of the statute [Vandana. PhD and Director of the Research Foundation for Science, Technology, and Natural Resource Policy. “Stopping Biopiracy” 9/6/99. [|www.zmag.org] ] This __indigenous knowledge__…__survival itself is at stake.__ [Vandana. PhD and Director of the Research Foundation for Science, Technology, and Natural Resource Policy __Patents: Myth and Reality__. 1999, Pg 132] __ The patent __ regimes…and society  [Vandana. PhD and Director of the Research Foundation for Science, Technology, and Natural Resource Policy. “The Second Coming of Columbus” [|www.resurgance.org] ] __ FIVE HUNDRED YEARS  ...of colonization. __ [“North-South Conflicts in Intellectual Property Rights” __Peace Review 12: 4__, 2000, Pg 503. Lexis] These __patents__ for discovery…controversies on patents. [Vandana. “Alternative Nobel Laureate, Terrorism as Cannibalism” __Znet Commentary__, 1/23/02. [|www.znet.org] ] Humans are experiencing… its water, its biodiversity. [ “North-South Conflicts in Intellectual Property Rights” __Peace Review 12: 4__, 2000, Pg 501-502. Lexis] __ Western intellectual property right __ …with colonization [Robert. Prof of Law and Director of the Tribal Law and Government Center. “Chief Justice, Supreme Court of the Sac and Fox Nation” __21 University of Michigan Journal of Law and Reform__. 1998, Lexis] Nonetheless, this otherwise natural…point of extinction [Jon. Indiana University School of Law. “Using Global Themes to Reframe the Bioprospecting Debate” __Indiana__ __Journal of Global Legal Studies__. Summer 06. MUSE] In addition to the problem…ecological systems [David. Judge Advocate in the Army. “The Army and the Endangered Species Act: Who’s Endangering Whom?” __143 Mil. L. Rev. 161__. Winter 94. Lexis] __ No species has ever dominated __ …closer to the abyss  [Dennis. Legal Analyst for the New York Times. “Patently-O” __The NYT__, 2/16/08. Lexis] Once again, __the__ CAFC [__Federal Circuit__...costs and fees. [Andrew. Freelance Legal Analyst, Law Degree from Cal Berkeley. “Don Quixote, or David V. Goliath?” __AP Newsfeed__, 4/10/08. Lexis] When I first saw the news that the Public Patent Foundation…outright criminal [“Monsanto Terminator Technology—Worldwide Famine & Starvation” Online: [|www.etc.org/en] 2007] __ Monsanto is in the process __ …region may starve [Robert. JD Candidate @ Syracuse. “Food Security Emergencies and the Power of Eminent Domain: A Domestic Legal Tool to Treat a Global Problem” __33 Syracuse J. Int’l L. & Com. 277__. 2005, Lexis] __ Today, more than 842 million people __ …days to come [Richard. Prof of Philosophy @ Washington University “Reason and Morality in a World of Limited Food” __World Hunger and Moral Obligation__, 1977, Pg 118-9] These arguments are morally spurious…going gets rough [Mary. “Terminator Trends: The Silent Spring of Farmers’ Rights: Seed Saving, the Public Sector, and Terminator Transnationals” __RAFI Paper Series__. Summer 2002 [|www.ratical.org] ] __ On March 3 __, 1998 __the USDA__…1.4 billion people. [Rebecca. “The Supreme Court and The Federal Circuit: Visitation and Custody of Patent Law” 1__06__ __Mich. ____ L. Rev 28 __. 1997, Pg 28. Lexis] __ The __ U.S. __Supreme Court’s relationship to patent law__…parent in charge [Peter. “WIPO Patent Agenda Request for Command” __International__ __Center__ __for Technology Assessment__. 2/15/02, JSTOR] For instance, __it is well known under US Patent Law__…be avoided  [Mike. Health Expert and Editor of Natural News “Biopiracy Patents and The Rise of Intellectual Imperialism” __Natural News.com__, 3/1/08 ] When this opportunity arises…these belong to the people [Robert. Staff Writer for the Christian Science Monitor. 25 June 1997. Lexis] Historically, in times other than war…image is so buffed today [Brian. “Extinction Politics” __SANA__ __Update__, JSTOR 1984, Pg 5-6] __ There are quite a number of reasons __ …environmental movement
 * Contention One is Inherency **
 * Initially note that all disads are non-unique **
 * A Subpoint: American military expansion in Africa inevitable **
 * M2 Presswire 3-25 **
 * B Subpoint: American economy is terminally bankrupt—key indicators conclude **
 * Beck 3-24 **
 * C Subpoint: Politics disads are lies—Bush has zero capital **
 * Raffaele 3-20 **
 * Specifically, the Supreme Court’s decision in Diamond v. Chakrabarty justifies Biopiracy **
 * Chuang 4-8 **
 * PLAN: **
 * The United States Supreme Court should take Monsanto v. Loren David and rule that: **
 * 1. human-made micro organisms are not patentable under 35 USC 101 **
 * 2. Absolute novelty is required for all patents. **
 *  3.  **** Indigenous knowledge is a valid form of prior art. **
 * We’ll clarify. **
 * Contention Two is legal oppression **
 * First, **** sections 101 and 102 of US patent law allow American exploitation of African culture. oppressing indigenous knowledge and creating a globalized system of Biopiracy that threatens extinction. **
 * Shiva ‘99 **
 * Patents are the vital internal link to all forms of oppression **
 * Shiva ‘99 **
 * Even if patents aren’t colonialist, they give the Court the power NECESSARY to justify colonialism **
 * Shiva ‘5 **
 * Patenting indigenous knowledge asserts Western authority over the other— ** justifies extermination
 * Shiva 2k **
 * Violence against indigenous culture makes all forms of violence and war inevitable **
 * Shiva ‘2 **
 * Failure to confront biopiracy makes every form of colonialism inevitable **
 * Shiva 2k **
 * Impact’s extinction **
 * Porter ‘98 **
 * Contention Three is Biodiversity **
 * First, African biodiversity is drastically decreasing as a result of American biopiracy. **
 * Warner ‘6 **
 * Impact’s extinction **
 * Diner 94 **
 * Contention Four is Monsanto **
 * First, the Court is due to rule in favor of Monsanto **
 * Crouch ‘8 **
 * Prior art is the crucial internal link to short-circuit Monsanto. **
 * Leonard 4-10 **
 * Monsanto makes food insecurity inevitable **
 * RAFI ‘7 **
 * Makes all your offense inevitable **
 * Trudell ‘5 **
 * Famine Comes First **
 * Watson ‘77 **
 * Monsanto independently causes extinction—terminator technology destroys ecological stability **
 * Olson ‘2 **
 * Contention Five is Solvency **
 * First, only the Court can arbitrate over patent law—the Federal Circuit is key **
 * Eisenberg 97 **
 * Absolute novelty prevents patenting foreign practices and defining indigenous knowledge as “prior art” short-circuits American abuse. **
 * DiMaro ‘2 **
 * Whole plan is key to break down oppression—capitalist IPR make violent oppression inevitable **
 * Adams **** ‘8 **
 * Disads don’t link **
 * Marquand ‘97 **
 * Loss of ontology outweighs nuclear war—critics are fear-mongers **
 * Martin 84 **

Sheboygan North KM – Affirmative – Nigeria – At-Large Team

Contention 1 is inherency Initially note that all your disads are non-unique—Africa Command became operational last year and TODAY, Secretary of State Rice announced that the government has expanded AFRICOM’s role to CONFLICT RESOLUTION in the horn. Ford, Today (January 11th) [Chad. Staff Writer—The Black Agenda Report. “Rice Stokes Flames of War in Africa” The Black Agenda Report, 11 Jan 2008//JVOSSOn February 6th, 2007, President Bush directed the creation of …and be fully operational by October 2008. The U.S. engaged in a MEDFLAG exercise with Nigeria in 2006 Campbell 2006 [John, US AMB Nigeria, http://abuja.usembassy.gov/sp_09042006.html//JVOSS] MEDFLAG 2006 is a joint, combined exercise … to also include avian influenza, and malaria. However – these operations are too short-term and lack continuous presence, which is vital to their effectiveness Pruden 6 [Lieutenant Commander, Medical Service Corps, United States Navy; Should Medical Humanitarian and Civic Assistance Activities Focus on Building Public Health Capacity in Africa to Better Influence Theater Security Cooperation Objectives?; A paper submitted to the Faculty of the Naval War College; stinet//JVOSS] DSCA was able to provide some data for EUCOM covering fiscal … individual MEDCAP teams have minimal impact.”11 TEXT: The United States federal government should establish yearly MEDFLAG exercises in Nigeria. We can clarify. Contention 2 is Nigeria Initially note that US-Nigerian relations are at a tipping point—America has shown signs of coordinated humanitarianism, but Lagos remains skeptical of US leadership and resents AFRICOM. Taiwo, 11-28 [Juliana. International Reporter—All Africa.com “Nigeria Rejects US Africa Command” allafrica.com, 28 Nov. //JVOSS] The Nigerian Federal Government…this national resolve Despite concerns, American assistance is necessary in the Delta—Anti-Americanism, civil-military tensions, and terrorism have ramped up instability to crisis levels Lyman and Morrison ‘4 [Princeton and Stephen. Former US Ambassador to South Africa and Nigeria; Director of the Africa Program @ CSIS. “The Terrorist Threat in Africa” Foreign Affairs. Jan/Feb 2004. Lexis//JVOSS] To date, there is no…of economic support Must act now—tensions in the Delta are weeks away from escalating to a full-scale war Ashby, 1-9 [Tom. Nigeria Correspondent for Reuters and the BBC. “Nigeria Militants Prepare Big Oil Attack” Reuters, 9 Jan 2008. Lexis//JVOSS] Armed groups in Nigeria’s…per day of crude oil Oil sanctions against Iran are intensifying—mostly as a result of stable oil markets Burns ‘7 [Nick. Under Sec of State for Poli Affairs. “US Policy Toward Iran” Testimony Before the Senate. banking.senate.gov March 07//JVOSS] In recent weeks…investment it seeks Stable Iranian oil sanctions are the crucial internal link to preventing nuclearization—short-circuits Tehran’s funding Clawson ‘7 [Pat. Dept Director of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy. “Iran Options” The San Diego Union Tribune 18 Feb 2007. Lexis//JVOSS] While the United States…outlook is not good Nigerian instability supercharges oil prices—which allows Iran the economic resilience to circumvent sanctions and the ability to proliferate. Only a stable US-Nigerian alliance can solve the internal link to nuclearization and quash African terrorism. Brown ‘7 [Michael. Member of the Council on Foreign Relations. “Nigeria’s Fresh Start” The Washington Post, 2 June 07. Lexis//JVOSS] Nigeria’s domestic politics…enlightened agenda

Iranian nuclearization sets the world on fire—ramps up instability, creates international enemies, ensures nuclear terrorism, and makes global nuclear war inevitable Kurtz ‘6 [Stan. Senior Fellow @ Ethics and Public Policy Centre. “Our Fallout Shelter Future” The National Review, 28 Aug 2006. Lexis//JVOSS] Proliferation optimists…into nuclear conflagrations We control probability—a regional nuclear war starting in Iran is the most likely scenario for an escalating great power war, which causes extinction Crytzer ‘7 [Kurt. Lt Colonel in the Army. “Mahdi and the Iranian Nuclear Threat” 30 March 2007. Stinet//JVOSS] The potential worst case…in the Third World War Nuclear terrorism makes extinction inevitable Sid-Ahmed ‘4 [Mohammed, Policy Analyst and Staff Writer for Al-Ahram Weekly, “Extinction!” http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm//REAL TEAM] We have reached a point…no one will emerge victorious Contention Three is Africa Command Initially note that AFRICOM EXPANSION is inevitable—but a legitimizing force like MEDFLAGS is crucial to the organization’s success. Mills et al, ‘7 [Greg. Terence McNamee. Mauro Lorenzo. Matt Uttley. Africa Experts for the Brenthouse Discussion Group. “Questioning AFRICOM” Aug 1. Lexis//JVOSS] In October…but Africa’s MEDFLAG expansion is vital to set a precedent for ALL forms of American intervention—solves the inadequacies in current policy McCarthy ‘7 [Lt. Commander Sean—US Navy. Grad Student @ Naval War College. “Exercises and Training: The Key to Developing Security Cooperation Under the New AFRICOM” Naval War College. May 2007. JSTOR//JVOSS] Aside from the potential exercise frameworks…as initially conceived Military training programs are the crucial internal link to AFRICOM success—build relationships, enhance readiness, and increase the educational value of training exercises. McCarthy ‘7 [Lt. Commander Sean—US Navy. Grad Student @ Naval War College. “Exercises and Training: The Key to Developing Security Cooperation Under the New AFRICOM” Naval War College. May 2007. JSTOR//JVOSS ] The success that other…maintains these relationships AFRICOM is vital to overall US leadership—key test for all forms of American engagement Cale ‘5 [Paul. Lt Colonel in US Army, Masters Candidate in Strategic Studies @ Army War College. Africa Command: The Newest Combatant Command. 2005. Stinet//JVOSS] If the United States…Continent of Africa A world absent US leadership terminally culminates in extinction Ferguson ‘4 [Niall. Prof of History @ NYU. Foreign Policy, July/Aug 2004//REAL TEAM] The reversal of globalization…not-so-new world order No turns—multipolarity is the comparatively more likely scenario for nuclear extinction Kagan ‘7 [Rob. Senior Assc @ Carnegie. “End of Dreams, Return of History.” Policy Review, Aug/Sept 2007. Avail Online: www.hoover.org// JVOSS] By the same token…provide an easier path Contention Four is Solvency First, increasing the frequency and duration of MEDFLAG exercises creates sustainable success—an extended presence is crucial to resolve the underlying causes of instability Pruden ‘6 [Paul. Lt. Commander of the Medical Service Corps of the US NAVY. “Should Medical Humanitarian and Civic Assistance Activities Focus on Building Public Health Capacity in Africa to Better Influence Theater Security Cooperation Objectives?” The Naval War College 2006 .Stinent//JVOSS] Another approach might be…select communities

Military-to-military exercises are vital to US-Nigerian relations and independently increase Nigerian stability Sisk 96 [Tim. Brooks Institute. “Future US Engagement in Africa: Opportunities and Obstacles for Conflict Management” www.usip.org/pubs// JVOSS] Several participants suggested that…acceptable behavior MEDFLAGS are key—joint military exercises only have a positive impact if they are focused on humanitarianism. Winning the hearts and minds of local populations is vital to overall success. Henk 98 [Dan. Member of USAF Institute for National Security Studies and Professor of African Affairs at US Army War College. “Uncharted Paths, Uncertain Vision: US military Involvements in sub-Saharan Africa in the Wake of the Cold War” March 1998. www.usafa.af.mil //JVOSS] In 1987, the Joint Chiefs…its regional involvements Your counterplans are laughable—the DoD has unique training, resources, intelligence, funding, and personnel. Fox ‘98 [Will. Army LT Colonel, Special Forces Officer and Flight Surgeon. ”Phantom Warriors” Parameters, Winter 1998. Lexis//JVOSS] The United States has the resources…in the region Military humanitarianism solves all your offense—builds alliances, fixes current flaws, and overcomes existing forms of resentment Leech ‘4 [James. Colonel in US Army/Masters Candidate @ US Army War College. “911 for the World: A Case for Greater US Military Involvement in Humanitarian Operations” June 2004. Stinet//JVOSS] In a time in which…growth and trust

Sheboygan North KM—2AC Add-Ons

DEMOCRACY Nigeria is key to overall African Democracy—it’s Africa’s brightest beacon Lyman and Cotton ‘7 [Princeton and Linda. Advisors for the Overseas Development Council. “US-Nigerian Relations: New Links to Reinforce Democracy” Nov 07. Lexis] Solves your offense Diamond 95

IRAQ Failure to confront Iran ensures Iraqi fragmentation—it’s a continuation of the Mullah’s quest against America Ledeen ‘8 [Mike. Iran Expert @ American Enterprise Institute. The Iranian Time Bomb: The Mullah Zealots’ Quest for Destruction. 2008, Pg 12-13] Iraqi Fragmentation ensures global secession wars Yahpe ‘3 [Judith. Senior Fellow—National Institute for Strategic Studies. “Three States is No Solution” The Globe and Mail. December 2003. Lexis] Extinction Shehadi 93 [Kama. Research Associate at the International Institute for Strategic Studies. Ethnic Self-Determination and the Break-Up of States. 1993, Pg 81-2]

WOMEN Iranian regime power systematically oppresses women—religious authority and governmental power Ledeen ‘8 [Mike. Iran Expert @ American Enterprise Institute. The Iranian Time Bomb: The Mullah Zealots’ Quest for Destruction. 2008, Pg 35-6] Iranian sexism is key to global patriarchal dominance—Iran sets a global precedent Ledeen ‘8 [Mike. Iran Expert @ American Enterprise Institute. The Iranian Time Bomb: The Mullah Zealots’ Quest for Destruction. 2008, Pg 40-1] Moral obligation to protect female rights—patriarchal dominance makes all your impacts inevitable Tickner 92 [Ann. Prof of IR at USC. Gender in International Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security. 1992, www.ciaonet.org/book/tickner ]

CHINA Nigerian oil is key to Chinese security—instability in the Delta would jack Beijing’s supply Akl ‘6 [Aida. “China’s African Safari”. Voice of America News. 22 Feb 06. Lexis] That causes lashout in the Spratlys—energy insecurity fuels nationalism and the desire to acquire land Herberg ‘5 [Mikkal. Director of the Asian Energy Security Program at the National Bureau of Asian Research. “Asia’s Energy Insecurity: Cooperation of Conflict? “ Strategic Asia. 2005. Lexis] Nuclear War Howle ‘1 [Roy Lt. Colonel and Exec Officer for the Undersecretary of the Army. “An Inevitable War: Engaged Containment and the US-China Balance” Parameters. Autumn 01. Lexis] Extinction Johnson ‘1 [Chalmers Johnson. Chairman of the Center of Chinese Studies at UofC Berkley and President of the Japan Policy Research Institute. “Time to Bring the Troops Home.” The Nation May 14 2001]

**We impact turn politics disads—if anyone needs cites for our turns to individual scenarios, just email me.** **__LOST__** // **Bandow ‘7** [Doug. Vice President of the Policy for Citizen Outreach. __The American Spectator__, 7/31/07. LexisJVOSS] Despite improvements…ocean’s floor **Bostrom ’3** [Nick. Research Fellow @ Oxford. “Astronomical Waste” __Utilitas, Vol 15, No 3__. 2003, [|__www.nickbostrum.com__] //JVOSS]// From a utilitarian perspective…payoff **Waller ‘4** [Michael. Senior Writer @ Insight Magazine. __Insight on the News__, 5/10/04. LexisJVOSS] LOST would deny…unnecessary treaty **Castellon ‘4** [David. Asian Arms Expert for CSIS. “Countering the Spread of WMD: The Role of the PSI” Winter 04, [|__www.csis.org__] //JVOSS]// In response to the PSI…DPRK **Times of Zambia ‘99** [“Third world war: Watch the Koreas Africa”, October 25, 1999. LexisJVOSS]] If there is one place…relations with North Korea **__COLUMBIAN FTA__** **CAN ‘7** [Columbian Action Network. June 2007//JVOSS]// Besides labor…Amazon Rainforest. **O’Neal 97** [Martin. “Rainforest Depletion” 5/5/97, [|__www.northern.wvnet.edu__] JVOSS] There are some really amazing…endangered species. **Pier ‘7** [Carol. Senior Researcher @ HRW. “A Pact with the Devil”. __The Baltimore Sun,__ 4/2/7. Lexis//JVOSS]// The US-Columbian free trade agreement…fundamental human rights **Copelan 99** [Rhonda. Prof of Law @ NYU. __New York City Law Review__, Fall 99. LexisJVOSS] The indivisible human rights…foreign policy
 * 1) **Space**
 * 2) **Prevents Space exploration**
 * 1) **Extinction**
 * 1) **PSI**
 * 2) **Torpedoes PSI**
 * 1) **Causes North Korean first strike**
 * 1) **Extinction**
 * 1) **Amazon**
 * 2) **Ensures Amazon degradation**
 * 1) **Extinction**
 * 1) **HR Credibility**
 * 2) **Collapses human rights credibility**
 * 1) **Extinction**

**__CHINA BASHING__** **Wermuth ‘5** [Dieter. Chief European Economist. “The Case for Gradualism” __The International Economy__. Sept 05. Lexis//JVOSS]// It is…world economy **Blecker ‘3** [Robert. Prof of Econ @ American University. “The Benefits of a Lower Dollar” __Economic Policy Institute Briefing Paper__, May 03. [|__www.epi.org__] JVOSS] **Morici ‘5** [Peter. Prof School of Business @ U of Maryland. __Automotive Industry__. 7/18/05. Lexis//JVOSS]// Free trade…or four years **Copley News ‘99** [12/1/99. LexisJVOSS] For decades…celebrating it.
 * 1) **Reval**
 * 2) **China bashing increases the exchange rate**
 * 1) **Collapses the global economy**
 * 1) **WTO**
 * 2) **China Bashing causes global economic instability, which jacks US support for the WTO**
 * 1) **Extinction**