Woodward+MN+-+Brittany+Nehmen+&+Evan+Matthews+aff

=Round 3 New Aff= The United States federal government should provide any necessary assistance to the Republic of South Africa for the implementation of a decentralized policy for the prevention and treatment of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and Human Immunodeficiency Virus based on the principles of competitive federalism.

A couple cards for the aff are not in this, no electronic version available at this time

Aid being cut The Times, April 03, 2008 ["Us pulls back aid for SA" [|http://www.thetimes.co.za/News /Article.aspx?id=739409]]

But Bost said that as a second term," said Bost.

DESPITE MINIMAL PROGRESS, AIDS RATES IN SOUTH AFRICA ARE STILL INCREASING—AN OVERHAUL OF THE MEDICAL SYSTEM IS CRUCIAL

The Independent, 2/2/08 ("Study proves antiretrovirals are reducing mortality rate," lexis)

A groundbreaking study has proved forward for testing."

A SHIFT TO FEDERALISM IN AFRICA IS INEVITABLE, IT'S JUST A QUESTION OF WHAT MODEL SOUTH AFRICA WILL ADOPT—FOLLOWING THE U.S.' EXAMPLE SETS THE STAGE FOR THE ERADICATION OF POVERTY THROUGHOUT THE CONTINENET.

Kornegay, Senior Researcher on Foreign Affairs at the Center for Policy Studies, 2007 (Francis, BUSINESS DAY, "Guiding ourselves by the African stars," 7/23, lexis)

WHAT does the "grand debate" provinces has a "made-in- Accra" logic.

AIDS ADVANTAGE

ADVANTAGE ONE: AIDS

CURRENTLY, SOUTH AFRICA OPERATES UNDER A SYSTEM OF COOPERATIVE FEDERALISM MODELED AFTER GERMANY INSTEAD OF A COMPETITIVE MODEL USED IN THE U.S.

Devenish, Democratic Alliance Councillor – Centre for Constitutional Rights, 2007 (GE, SUNDAY TRIBUNE, "Provinces: to be or not to be", 4/15, lexis)

A federal state is competitive federalism.

AND THIS MODEL OF COOPERATIVE FEDERALISM RESTRAINS LOCAL HEALTH CARE AND PRODUCES INEFFECTIVE FEDERAL OVERSIGHT OF WOULD-BE EFFECTIVE POLICIES.

Babich, Adjunct Professor of Law – Georgetown and Editor in Chief – Environmental Law Reporter, 1995 (Adam, 54 Md. L. Rev. 1516, l/n)

Without clear, standards for cleanups.

60,000 BABIES ARE BORN WITH AIDS IN SOUTH AFRICA EACH YEAR BECAUSE SUCCESSFUL POLICIES AT THE PROVINCIAL LEVEL ARE NOT BEING IMPLEMENTED NATIONALLY.

Treatment Action Campaign 1/24/08 ("How to save babies from HIV infection" [|http://www.politicsweb.co.za /politicsweb/view/politicsweb /en/page71654?oid=85544&sn =Detail])

Over 60,000 babies a effective regimen.

AIDS ADVANTAGE

AIDS DEVASTATES SOUTH AFRICA'S REGIONAL HEGEMONY AND PEACKEEPING FORCES CAUSING REGION WIDE INSTABILITY.

Brower and Chalk, Policy Analysts at RAND, 2003 (Jennifer and Peter, RAND, ""The Global Threat of New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases", [|http://www.rand.org/pubs /monograph_reports/MR1602 /MR1602.ch3.pdf])

Beyond human, e immediate neighborhood.

AIDS ADVANTAGE

THESE FAILED STATES CREATE THE MOST LIKELY AVENUE FOR NUCLEAR TERRORISM AGAINST THE U.S.

Dempsey, 6 (Thomas, Director of African Studies @ U.S. Army War College and served as a strategic intelligence analystfor Africa at the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and as Chief of Africa Branch for the Defense Intelligence Agency, Counterterrorism in African Failed States: Challenges and Potential Solutions, April, [|http://www.strategicstudiesinst itute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub649 .pdf])

Failed states American national interests.

TERRORISM CAUSES EXTINCTION.

Corsi, Best Selling Author on Terrorism, 2005 (Jerome, THE NEW YORK TIMES, 4/20, [|http://www.worldnetdaily.com /news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID =43817])

Russians and the Chinese AIDS ADVANTAGE

SOUTH AFRICA'S WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE IS EMPIRICAL PROOF THAT A COMPETITIVE MODEL OF FEDERALISM WOULD BE BETTER SUITED TO DEAL WITH THE COUNTRY'S AIDS SITUATION.

Steytler, Professor of Law at the University of the Western Cape, 2003 (Nico, PUBLIUS, Vol. 33, No.1, "Federal homogeneity from the bottom up: Provincial shaping of national HIV/AIDS policy in South Africa,", winter)

Given the limits of the concurrent competence.

APPLYING COMPETITIVE FEDERALISM TO SOUTH AFRICAN AIDS POLICY ESTABLISHES HEALTH SYSTEMS CONDUCIVE TO COORDINATION—CRUCIAL TO AIDS PREVENTION AND SOUTH AFRICAN STABILITY.

Steytler, Professor of Law at the University of the Western Cape, 2003 (Nico, PUBLIUS, Vol. 33, No.1, "Federal homogeneity from the bottom up: Provincial shaping of national HIV/AIDS policy in South Africa," winter)

While it may be questioned whether a federal system is a necessary condition for such experimentation4 the bottom up.

SOUTH AFRICAN DEMOCRACY ADVANTAGE

APPLYING COMPETITIVE FEDERALISM TO SOUTH AFRICAN AIDS POLICY ESTABLISHES HEALTH SYSTEMS CONDUCIVE TO COORDINATION—THIS IS CRUCIAL TO THE MODEL OF FEDERAL DEMOCRACY AND ENSURES EFFECTIVE AIDS PREVENTION.

Steytler, '3 (Nico, Professor of Law at the University of the Western Cape, PUBLIUS, Vol. 33, No.1, "Federal homogeneity from the bottom up: Provincial shaping of national HIV/AIDS policy in South Africa," winter)

While it may be questioned whether a federal system is a necessary condition for such experimentation4 (central governments, after all, often engage in pilot projects before rolling out a national policy), competition between the center and subnational units on matters of policy serves other core purposes of a federal system as well. John Kincaid has argued that competition between the center and the states, referred to as intergovernmental or vertical competition, is an essential part of a federal democracy.5 Writing in the context of the prevailing model of cooperative federalism, he points out that the consequences of this model have been the centralization of power. Intergovernmental competition becomes then necessary to prevent the rise of monopoly government which will have no incentive to cooperate with subnational units. Competition, therefore, by restraining the center's "monopolistic impulses,"6 creates the conditions conducive to cooperation and coordination.7 This essay addresses how constituent units in South Africa's decentralized system of government, the provinces, operating within a constitutionally mandated system of cooperative government,8 can influence and shape national policy, and, in the process, limit the "monopolistic impulses" of the national government. This occurred recently in the area of the national government's policy on the combating of the HIV/AIDS pandemic in South Africa. The political process of intergovernmental competition played itself out within the context of the overarching normative structure of the Bill of Rights and its enforcement by the courts. The essay, then, explores how this case study may shed light on the conditions under which provinces may contribute to the shaping of national policy from the bottom up.

SOUTH AFRICAN DEMOCRACY ADVANTAGE

SOUTH AFRICA IS THE CRUCIAL MODEL FOR GLOBAL AND REGIONAL DEMOCRACY—SOUTH AFRICAN DEMOCRATIZATION IS PREVENTS GLOBAL WAR AND ECONOMIC INSTABILITY.

Kennedy, '96 (Paul, Professor of History at Yale, FOREIGN AFFAIRS, "Pivotal States and U.S. Strategy", [|http://www.foreignaffairs.org /19960101faessay4170/robert -chase-emily-hill-paul-kennedy /pivotal-states-and-u-s -strategy.html])

While the primary threats to South Africa's stability are internal, its effectiveness in containing them will have repercussions beyond its borders. Even before apartheid ended, South Africa had enormous influence over the region's political and economic development, from supporting insurgencies throughout the "front-line states" to providing mining jobs for migrant workers from those same countries. If South Africa achieves the economic and political potential within its grasp, it will be a wellspring of regional political stability and economic growth. If it prospers, it can demonstrate to other ethnically tortured regions a path to stability through democratization, reconciliation, and steadily increasing living standards. Alternatively, if it fails to handle its many challenges, it will suck its neighbors into a whirlpool of self-defeating conflict. Although controlling the sea-lanes around the Cape of Good Hope would be important, especially if widespread trouble were to erupt in the Middle East, American strategic interests are not otherwise endangered in southern Africa. Yet because South Africa is the United States' largest trading partner in Africa and possesses vast economic potential, its fate would affect American trading and financial interests that have invested there. It would also destabilize key commodity prices, especially in the gold, diamond, and ore markets. More generally, instability in South Africa, as in Brazil and Indonesia, would cast a large shadow over confidence in emerging markets.

DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION PREVENTS EXTINCTION.

Diamond, '95 (Larry, Hoover Institution @ Stanford University, "Promoting Democracy in the 1990s," December, [|http://wwics.si.edu/subsites /ccpdc/pubs/di/1.htm])

This hardly exhausts the lists of threats to our security and well-being in the coming years and decades. In the former Yugoslavia nationalist aggression tears at the stability of Europe and could easily spread. The flow of illegal drugs intensifies through increasingly powerful international crime syndicates that have made common cause with authoritarian regimes and have utterly corrupted the institutions of tenuous, democratic ones. Nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons continue to proliferate. The very source of life on Earth, the global ecosystem, appears increasingly endangered. Most of these new and unconventional threats to security are associated with or aggravated by the weakness or absence of democracy, with its provisions for legality, accountability, popular sovereignty, and openness. LESSONS OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY The experience of this century offers important lessons. Countries that govern themselves in a truly democratic fashion do not go to war with one another. They do not aggress against their neighbors to aggrandize themselves or glorify their leaders. Democratic governments do not ethnically "cleanse" their own populations, and they are much less likely to face ethnic insurgency. Democracies do not sponsor terrorism against one another. They do not build weapons of mass destruction to use on or to threaten one another. Democratic countries form more reliable, open, and enduring trading partnerships. In the long run they offer better and more stable climates for investment. They are more environmentally responsible because they must answer to their own citizens, who organize to protest the destruction of their environments. They are better bets to honor international treaties since they value legal obligations and because their openness makes it much more difficult to breach agreements in secret. Precisely because, within their own borders, they respect competition, civil liberties, property rights, and the rule of law, democracies are the only reliable foundation on which a new world order of international security and prosperity can be built.

AFRICAN INSTABILITY CAUSES ESCALATORY NUCLEAR WAR.

Deutsch 2002 (Jeffrey; Professor of Macroeconomics – Keiser College, Rabid Tiger Newsletter 2:9 [|www.rabidtigers.com/rtn /newsletterv2n9.html])

The Rabid Tiger Project believes that a nuclear war is most likely to start in Africa. Civil wars in the Congo (the country formerly known as Zaire), Rwanda, Somalia and Sierra Leone, and domestic instability in Zimbabwe, Sudan and other countries, as well as occasional brushfire and other wars (thanks in part to "national" borders that cut across tribal ones) turn into a really nasty stew. We've got all too many rabid tigers and potential rabid tigers, who are willing to push the button rather than risk being seen as wishy-washy in the face of a mortal threat and overthrown. Geopolitically speaking, Africa is open range. Very few countries in Africa are beholden to any particular power. South Africa is a major exception in this respect - not to mention in that she also probably already has the Bomb. Thus, outside powers can more easily find client states there than, say, in Europe where the political lines have long since been drawn, or Asia where many of the countries (China, India, Japan) are powers unto themselves and don't need any "help," thank you. Thus, an African war can attract outside involvement very quickly. Of course, a proxy war alone may not induce the Great Powers to fight each other. But an African nuclear strike can ignite a much broader conflagration, if the other powers are interested in a fight. Certainly, such a strike would in the first place have been facilitated by outside help - financial, scientific, engineering, etc. Africa is an ocean of troubled waters, and some people love to go fishing.

ELECTION CREDIBILITY ADVANTAGE

ADVANTAGE TWO: ELECTION CREDIBILITY

SOUTH AFRICA OPERATES UNDER A SYSTEM OF COOPERATIVE FEDERALISM MODELED AFTER GERMANY INSTEAD OF A COMPETITIVE MODEL USED IN THE U.S.

Devenish, Democratic Alliance Councillor – Centre for Constitutional Rights, 2007 (GE, SUNDAY TRIBUNE, "Provinces: to be or not to be", 4/15, lexis)

A federal state is one i involves competitive federalism.

THE PROMOTION OF A GERMAN SYSTEM OF GOVERNANCE OVER THE AMERICAN PRESIDENTIAL MODEL GIVES POWER TO FRINGE PARTIES, CAUSING INSTABILITY AND UNDERMINING THE DEMOCRATIZATION OF ELECTIONS—THIS LEADS TO NAZI STYLE TAKEOVERS.

Calebrisi, '1 (Steven, Professor of Constitutional Law – Northwestern, CONSTITUTIONAL COMMENTARY, 18 Const. Commentary 51,"The Virtues of Presidential Government," Spring, lexis)

A second argument favoring the American separation of powers regime over a German constrained parliamentary regime is that the American system offers more stability Chancellor or Prime Minister . ELECTION CREDIBILITY ADVANTAGE

THE AMERICAN PRESIDENTIAL MODEL OF GOVERNANCE REMOVES THE POSSIBILITY OF IDEOLOGICAL RULE—THIS IS CRUCIAL TO PREVENT ETHNIC AND RACIAL CONFLICT

Calebrisi, '1 (Steven, Professor of Constitutional Law – Northwestern, CONSTITUTIONAL COMMENTARY, 18 Const. Commentary 51,"The Virtues of Presidential Government: Why Professor Ackerman is Wrong to Prefer the German to the U.S. Constitution," Spring, lexis)

I disagree with Linz that the U. Ackerman suggests.

= = =New Nigeria Surveillance Aff - Broke at NU RR=

**PLAN: THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, THROUGH THE CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION, SHOULD PROVIDE THE NECESSARY ASSISTANCE TO EXPAND DISEASE DETECTION IN NIGERIA.** **Observation 1: Inherency** **CDC is critical to prevent further outbreaks of TB – reversing funding cuts is key** **Grossman, Bachelor of Science Degree in Health and Physical Education, May 31, 2007** [Jordan “CDC’s Ability to Respond to Tuberculosis Scare Hampered By Bush’ Budget Cuts” [|__http://thinkprogress.org/2007 /05/31/cdc-budget/__] Think Progressive] __The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has been instrumental ….bioterrorism and pandemic activities.”__ **Advantage 1: Disease** **Two internal links to extinction—** **First, Tuberculosis: Nigeria is on the verge of having a TB epidemic – this will devastate those infected with AIDS** **All Africa February 6, 2008** [Ruby Rabiu, “Nigera: TB Epidemic Imminent – WHO” [|__http://allafrica.com/stories /200802060168.html__] ] The World Health Organisation (__WHO__) Monday __. . .__ they get to the end users on time. **Nigeria needs an increase in lab capacity and trained professionals is critical to improve access to effective treatment** **Falobi, Awarded for excellence in HIV Prevention Research Community Advocacy, January 2003** [Omololu, “Trouble with Nigeria’s health system is more than ‘A Question of Political Will’” [|__http://www.afronets.org /archive/200301/msg00038.php__] ] __Nigeria has one of the poorest. . . from seeking health care.__ **TB spreads quickly through coughing and sneezing, and even a dormant TB makes a pandemic inevitable.** **Integrated Regional Information Network, UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, December 27, 2005** [“Senegal: Fight against tuberculosis hampered by patients’ failure to complete treatment” [|__http://www.irinnews.org/report .aspx?reportid=57669__] ] __Patients who do not complete. . ., malaise or weight loss.__ **TB kills and infects millions every year** **World Health Organization, October 22, 2001** [“Developed Nations Urged to Support TB control in Africa” [|__http://www.afro.who.int/press /2001/pr20011022.html__] ] __TB, the world's leading. . .__ US$10-15 per person a year. TB MUTATES INTO A SUPER-VIRUS ENDING CIVILIZATION AND MAKING THE EARTH INHABITABLE **Jessop, Contributor to Global Research, 1/7/08** [Brent, “The Apocalypse, From Paul Ehrlich to Al Gore The Population Bomb Part 5”} [Ehrlich] "With people living check. . . . __the habitability of the Earth__." SECOND IS AVIAN FLU—DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN NIGERIA IS KEY TO STOP MUTATIONS OF THE BIRD FLU CONTINENT WIDE **FAO, UN Administration of Food and Agriculture, 07** ["FAO urges Nigeria to increase bird flu control measures"] 20 February 2007, Rome - FAO has urged Nigeria. . . FAO Chief Veterinary Officer. **AFRICA IS THE KEY SPOT FOR AVIAN FLU SPREAD—MIGRATORY BIRDS, LACK OF PREPAREDNESS, AND OPEN-TRADE.** **Ababa, Commissioner of Rural Economy and Agriculture at the AU, 2006** (Addis, “Avian Flue: Possible Outbreak, Economic Importance and Emergency Preparedness Intiative in Africa” [|http://www.africa-union.org /Rural%20Agriculture/Avian %20Flu/Avian%20Influenza%20- %20INFORMATION.pdf] ) __Emergency Preparedness in Africa. . . . particularly to rural communities.__ **THIS MAKES A GLOBAL SPREAD IN 2008 A CERTAINTY.** **Caplan, Ph.D., is director of the Center for Bioethics at the University of Pennsylvania. 12/31**/07 ([|http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id /22451442/]) Anyone remember pandemic. . . **__that has not stopped ticking__**__.__ **AVIAN FLU SPREADS GLOBALLY IN MONTHS—KILLING BILLIONS AND COLLAPSING THE GLOBAL ECONOMY.** **Chandra**, Center for Strategic Decision Research, **2004** [Satish, Global Security: A broader Concept for the 21st Century, May 7th [|http://www.csdr.org/2004book /chandra.htm]] __This scenario,__ as. .. __mortality rate is estimated.__ **__ADV 2 – RELATIONS__** **BUSH IS NOT FOCUSED ON PREVENTING CONFLICT IN NIGERIA’S OIL DELTA – THIS MAKES VIOLENCE INEVITABLE.** **Sioux Journal, 2/14** [“Bush to emphasize fighting disease and poverty on Africa trip”, [|http://www.siouxcityjournal .com/articles/2008/02/14/news /latest_news/23932711bddf0d2986 2573ef001d6381.txt]] WASHINGTON (AP) -- President __Bush will find violent. . .__ __have become increasingly violent.__ **VIOLENCE IN THE DELTA LEADS TO BLIPS IN OIL PRICES – RELATIONS ARE KEY TO PREVENT BLIPS – UNFORTUNATELY THEY ARE LOW DUE TO AFRICOM** **All Africa, 2/6/08** [“Nigeria: U.S. Reaffirms Faith in Country” [|__http://72.3.244.61/stories /200802060514.html__] ] As President George W Bush. . . .condemnation of the command. **THESE BLIPS DEVASTATE OVERALL U.S. OIL SUPPLY.** **Center for International Policy, 9-18-2007** [“Nigeria and the United States: Convergent Interests” [|__http://www.ciponline.org /nigeria_summary.html__] ] __The contradictions of this. . .__ of insecurities with another. **MIDDLE EASTERN OIL IS PEAKING – DIVERSIFICATION IS KEY TO STOP EXTINCTION** **Riddoch, 4** Faculty of Communications and Creative Industries at Edith Cowan U (Malcolm, [|http://www.melbourne.indymedia .org/news/2004/06/72000 _comment.php] ) __There are lots of__ recent 2004 __. . . .famine__ and pestilence. = **RELATIONS ADV** =

**HIGH OIL PRICES COLLAPSE THE GLOBAL ECONOMY** **Douthwaite, 03** (Richard, “Oil and the Irish Economy”, [|http://www.constructireland.ie /articles/0210douthwaite.php] ) __The bank referred to a ‘spike’. . . .__ are becoming exhausted. **ECONOMIC COLLAPSE CAUSES EXTINCTION.** **Bearden, 00** [Tom; Lt. Col. U.S. Army – Retired, “The Unnecessary Energy Crisis: How to Solve It Quickly” 6/24 [|http://www.freerepublic.com /forum/a3aaf97f22e23.htm] accessed 8/6/04] __History bears out that. . . at least for many decades.__ **US AID TO NIGERIA IS KEY TO RELATIONS** **Lewis, 6** Professor at John Hopkins [Peter, "The Dysfunctional State of Nigeria" Chapter 3, [|__http://www.cgdev.org/doc /shortofthegoal/chap3.pdf__] ] __U.S. aid to Nigeria. . . essential to better governance.__ **SPECIFICALLY, TUBERCULOSIS PUBLIC HEALTH ASSISTANCE IS CRUCIAL** **Bureau of Foreign Affairs, 2/08** [“Background Note: Nigeria” [|__http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei /bgn/2836.htm__] ] "Investing in People" is the .. . and maternity services. **Independently, US-Nigeria relations key to the economy, terrorism and African stability** **Thomas-Greenfield, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for African Affairs, October 27, 2006** [Linda, “Remarks on US Assistance to Nigeria” [|__http://www.state.gov/p/af/rls /rm/2006/75336.htm__] ] __Nigeria is__ arguably __. . .__ as a strategic partner. **RETALIATION AFTER A TERRORIST ATTACK SPARKS MULTIPLE SCENARIOS FOR NUCLEAR WAR.** **Corsi, Best Selling Author on Terrorism, 2005** (Jerome, THE NEW YORK TIMES, 4/20, [|http://www.worldnetdaily.com /news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID =43817]) __The combination of horror. . . the Russians and the Chinese.__ **Observation 2: Solvency** CDC SURVEILLANCE SOLVES TUBERCULOSIS—SCREENING, LAB INFRASTRUCTURE, AND GLOBAL PARTNERSHIPS. **Arthur**, Officer at the CDC’s GDD, **10/4**/07 (Ray, CQ CONGRESSIONAL TESTIMONY, “Pandemic Influenza: Federal Preparedness”, lexis) __GDD resources have enabled__. . . __and Doctors Without Borders__ (Medicins Sans Frontieres).

**AND, INCREASING CDC PERSONEL CREATES A STRONG DOMESTIC PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE CAPAPBLE OF MINMIZING THE CASUALTIES AFTER A TERRORIST ATTACK—THIS IS CRUCIAL TO REDUCE THE PANIC THAT WILL CAUSE RETALIATION.** **Smolinski et al, Director of the Global Health & Security Initiative at Nuclear Threat Initiative, 2003** (Marks. Smolinski (Former Senior Program Officer at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academics of Science and Epidemic Intelligence Officer for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Margaret A. Hamburg (Vice President for Biological Programs at Nuclear Threat Initiative), & Joshua Lederberg (Directs the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Informatics at The Rockefeller University) Editors, Board on Global Health at the institute of the National Academics, Microbial threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response, 3-18-2003, [|http://www.nap.edu/catalog /10636.html] ) As described earlier, __surveillance of and. . . .disease- or problem-specific areas.__ **THE CDC’S INVESTIGATIVE EXPERTISE AND LABORATORY SUPPORT IS COMPARATIVELY BETTER THAN THE REST OF THE WORLD’S—THE PLAN IS KEY TO ROBUST INTERNATIONAL OUTBREAK MISSIONS.** **Government Accountability Office, 2001** (“Global Health: Challenges in Improving Infectious Disease Surveillance Systems”, August, [|http://www.gao.gov/new.items /d01722.pdf]) **__Ineffective routine surveillance. . .__** __more likely in developing countries.__ **The CDC is the international leader in research on tuberculosis – this is the most effective way to find new drugs to confront resistant TB strains** **Gerberding, Director for Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, March 21, 2007** [Julie L., “Testimony on Extensively Drug Resistant TB: CDC’s Public Health Response,” [|__http://www.hhs.gov/asl/testify /2007/03/t20070321b.html__] ] In addition, HHS/__CDC's. . . throughout the world.__ **EXPERT STUDIES CONCLUDE THAT CDC RESPONSE SPEED AND ASSISTANCE CAPABILITIES ARE UNMATCHED GLOBALLY.** **Naylor et al, Dean of Medicine at the U of Toronto, 2003** (Dr. Sheela Basrur, Medical Officer of Health, City of Toronto; Dr. Michel G. Bergeron, Chairman of the Division of Microbiology and of the Infectious Diseases Research Centre of Laval University, Quebec City; Dr. Robert C. Brunham, Medical Director of the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver; Dr. David Butler-Jones, Medical Health Officer for Sun Country, and Consulting Medical Health Officer for Saskatoon Health Regions, Regina; Gerald Dafoe, Chief Executive Officer of the Canadian Public Health Association, Ottawa; Dr. Mary Ferguson-Paré, Vice-President, Professional Affairs and Chief Nurse Executive at University Health Network, Toronto; Frank Lussing, Past President and CEO of York Central Hospital, Richmond Hill; Dr. Allison McGeer, Director of Infection Control, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto; Kaaren R. Neufeld, Executive Director and Chief Nursing Officer at St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg; Dr. Frank Plummer, Scientific Director of the Health Canada National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON SARS AND PUBLIC HEALTH, “Learning From SARS: Renewal of Public Health in Canada”, October 23, [|http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca /publicat/sars-sras/naylor/3_e .html#s3a]) The CDC has 12 centres,. . . **__outbreak is unmatched globally.__**

=Surveillance (SSA) Plan—= The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention should provide the necessary assistance to expand infectious disease surveillance in topically designated areas. ADVANTAGE ONE: DISEASE WE HAVE TWO SCENARIOS FOR EXTINCTION— FIRST, EMERGING DISEASE— THE CDC IS HAS ALREADY INCREASED FUDING DEVOTED TO SURVEILLANCE, UNFORTUNATELY THIS TARGETS THE MIDDLE EAST AND ASIA, NOT AFRICA. US Department of State, 11/28/07 ([|http://www.state.gov/r/pa/scp/95907.htm)] Nearly 53 percent of the $13.5… emerging infectious disease threats. ECOLOGICAL CLIMATE AND UNIQUE MIXTURE OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS MAKE AFRICA THE MOST LIKELY SPOT FOR GLOBAL SPREAD. Africa News, 2006 (“Animal and Plant Diseases a Growing Threat”, April 27, lexis) A UK government programme… contributed to the 18-month study. AND, THESE DISEASES CAUSE EXTINCTION. South China Morning Post, 1996 (Dr. Ben-Abraham is the former chairman and chief executive officer of Biosante Pharmaceuticals Inc., January 4, lexis) THE CDC’S INVESTIGATIVE EXPERTISE AND LABORATORY SUPPORT IS COMPARATIVELY BETTER THAN THE REST OF THE WORLD’S—THE PLAN IS KEY TO ROBUST INTERNATIONAL OUTBREAK MISSIONS. Government Accountability Office, 2001 (“Global Health: Challenges in Improving Infectious Disease Surveillance Systems”, August, [|http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d01722.pdf)] Ineffective routine surveillance… likely in developing countries. CDC POSSESSES A BROAD SCIENTIFIC BASE THAT EFFECTIVELY COORDINATES GLOBAL ACTION—THIS IS EMPIRICALLY PROVEN IN AFRICA. Arthur, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 10/4/2007 (Ray, STATES NEWS SERVICE, “CDCS Global Disease Detection Program: Safeguarding Our Nation”, lexis) The GDD program effectively… monitoring of avian influenza cases. CDC’S COORDINATION WITH ANIMAL HEALTH SERVICES IS KEY TO DETECT ZOONOTIC OUTBREAKS. Arthur, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 10/4/2007 (Ray, STATES NEWS SERVICE, “CDCS Global Disease Detection Program: Safeguarding Our Nation”, lexis) Approximately 75% of recently identified… health and animal health sectors. SECOND, AVIAN FLU—SUCCESSFUL POLICIES IN ASIA HAVE NOT BEEN IMPLEMENTED IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA—THIS MAKES IT A UNIQUE SPOT FOR AVIAN FLU SPREAD. Davis, Professor of History at U of California and author on the Avian Flu, February 7, 2007 (Mike, THE GUARDIAN, “The plague of bird flu will erupt out of Java, not Suffolk”, [|http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/story/0,,2007340,00.html)] However, since the original outbreak… fiasco to the international science press. AND, AFRICA IS THE KEY SPOT FOR AVIAN FLU SPREAD—MIGRATORY BIRDS, LACK OF PREPAREDNESS, AND OPEN-TRADE. Ababa, Commissioner of Rural Economy and Agriculture at the AU, 2006 (Addis, “Avian Flue: Possible Outbreak, Economic Importance and Emergency Preparedness Intiative in Africa” http://www.africa-union.org/Rural%20Agriculture/Avian%20Flu/Avian%20Influenza%20-%20INFORMATION.pdf ) Emergency Preparedness in Africa is highly… hardships particularly to rural communities. AND, AFRICAN FLU VIRUSES DISPLAY MUTATIONS THAT ENABLE AVIAN FLU TO SPREAD BETWEEN HUMANS. Forbes, October 4, 2007 (“Key Viral Change Could Help Bird Flu Spread”, http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSN04393544 ) U.S. scientists say they've spotted… are the ones closest to becoming a human virus." THIS MAKES A GLOBAL SPREAD IN 2008 A CERTAINTY.. Caplan, Ph.D., is director of the Center for Bioethics at the University of Pennsylvania. 12/31/07 ([|http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/22451442/)] Anyone remember pandemic flu?… this time bomb that has not stopped ticking. AVIAN FLU SPREADS GLOBALLY IN MONTHS—KILLING BILLIONS AND COLLAPSING THE GLOBAL ECONOMY. Chandra, Center for Strategic Decision Research, 2004 [Satish, Global Security: A broader Concept for the 21st Century, May 7th http://www.csdr.org/2004book/chandra.htm] This scenario, as frightening… mortality rate is estimated. ECONOMIC COLLAPSE CAUSES EXTINCTION. Bearden, Director of the Association of Distinguished American Scientists, 2000 (T. E., Fellow Emeritus of the Alpha Foundation's Institute for Advanced Study "The Unnecessary Energy Crisis: How to Solve It Quickly," June 12) EXPANDING CDC SURVEILLANCE IS CRUCIAL TO PROVIDE THE NECESSARY LAB SUPPORT, EXPERTISE, AND TRAINING TO PREVENT AND CONTAIN AVIAN FLU OUTBREAKS. Blount, Director of the Office of Global Health, May 2, 2007 (Stephen B., “Testimony before the Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor, HHS, Education, and Related Agencies, May, 2, [|http://www.hhs.gov/asl/testify/2007/05/t20070502a.html)] Currently, the US and the rest of the… channels so we can respond effectively. CDC TRAINING IS THE MOST EFFECTIVE MEANS OF PREVENTING AVIAN FLU OUTBREAKS. Arthur, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 10/4/2007 (Ray, STATES NEWS SERVICE, “CDCS Global Disease Detection Program: Safeguarding Our Nation”, lexis) CDC's comprehensive Global… contain pandemic influenza strains. ADVANTAGE TWO: TERROR THE US IS CURRENTLY FACING A SHORTAGE OF EXPERIENCED PUBLIC HEALTH OFFICIALS—THIS PREVENTS RAPID DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT AFTER A TERRORIST ATTACK.. Katz, doctoral candidate at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs and the Office of Population Research at Princeton University, 2002 (Rebecca, THE WASHINGTON QUARTERLY, Vol. 25, No. 3, “Public Health Preparedness: The Best Defense against Biological Weapons,” Summer) TRAINING When Hantavirus Pulmonary… and set up collaborative efforts. AND, INCREASING CDC PERSONEL CREATES A STRONG DOMESTIC PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE CAPAPBLE OF MINMIZING THE CASUALTIES AFTER A TERRORIST ATTACK. Smolinski et al, Director of the Global Health & Security Initiative at Nuclear Threat Initiative, 2003 (Marks. Smolinski (Former Senior Program Officer at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academics of Science and Epidemic Intelligence Officer for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Margaret A. Hamburg (Vice President for Biological Programs at Nuclear Threat Initiative), & Joshua Lederberg (Directs the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Informatics at The Rockefeller University) Editors, Board on Global Health at the institute of the National Academics, Microbial threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response, 3-18-2003, [|http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10636.html)] As described earlier, surveillance of and… disease- or problem-specific areas. CDC SURVEILLANCE IN AFRICA PROVIDES UNIQUE TRAINING AND REAL-WORLD EXPERTISE. Cole, 2005 (Matt, CDC Foundation Program Officer, “Perspectives: On-the-Job Training for Disease Detectives in Kenya”, [|http://www.cdcfoundation.org/frontline/2005/kenya_disease_detectives.aspx)] One of the reasons developing… who share this passion. TWO SCENARIOS FOR EXTINCTION. FIRST, BIOTERRORISM--BIOTERRORISM IS THE MOST PROBABLE SCENARIO FOR TERRORISM—MOTIVATION EXISTS AND IMPLEMENTATION IS EASIER THAN EVER. Njuguna, Masters in Biotechnology and prominent contributor on bioweapons to Bonn International Center, 2005 (James Thuo, AFRICAN SECURITY REVIEW, Vol. 14, No. 1, “Evaluating the threat of biological weapons in Eastern Africa”, [|http://www.iss.co.za/index.php?link_id=3&slink_id=1967&link_type=12&slink_type=12&tmpl_id=3)] Terrorist groups exist to promote… biological weapon.32 BIOTERRORISM CAUSES EXTINCTION Ochs, member of the Depleted Uranium Task force of the Military Toxics Project and the Chemical Weapons Working Group, 2002 (Richard, “BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS MUST BE ABOLISHED IMMEDIATELY”, 7/9, [|http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html)] AND, RETALIATION AFTER A TERRORIST ATTACK SPARKS MULTIPLE SCENARIOS FOR NUCLEAR WAR. Corsi, Best Selling Author on Terrorism, 2005 (Jerome, THE NEW YORK TIMES, 4/20, [|http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=43817)] EXPERT STUDIES CONCLUDE THAT CDC RESPONSE SPEED AND ASSISTANCE CAPABILITIES ARE UNMATCHED GLOBALLY. Naylor et al, Dean of Medicine at the U of Toronto, 2003 (Dr. Sheela Basrur, Medical Officer of Health, City of Toronto; Dr. Michel G. Bergeron, Chairman of the Division of Microbiology and of the Infectious Diseases Research Centre of Laval University, Quebec City; Dr. Robert C. Brunham, Medical Director of the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver; Dr. David Butler-Jones, Medical Health Officer for Sun Country, and Consulting Medical Health Officer for Saskatoon Health Regions, Regina; Gerald Dafoe, Chief Executive Officer of the Canadian Public Health Association, Ottawa; Dr. Mary Ferguson-Paré, Vice-President, Professional Affairs and Chief Nurse Executive at University Health Network, Toronto; Frank Lussing, Past President and CEO of York Central Hospital, Richmond Hill; Dr. Allison McGeer, Director of Infection Control, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto; Kaaren R. Neufeld, Executive Director and Chief Nursing Officer at St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg; Dr. Frank Plummer, Scientific Director of the Health Canada National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON SARS AND PUBLIC HEALTH, “Learning From SARS: Renewal of Public Health in Canada”, October 23, [|http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/sars-sras/naylor/3_e.html#s3a)] The CDC has 12 centres… is unmatched globally SECOND, AGRO-TERRORISM—TERRORISTS WILL TARGET FOOD SUPPLIES CAUSING MASSIVE DEATH, CONTAMINATE FOOD, AND PYSCHOLOGICALLY DEVASTATE THE U.S—OUR EVIDENCE CITES EXPERTS IN FOOD SECURITY. Business Community Report, 2006 (“Is SA prepared for bioterrorism?”, 11/1, [|http://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/11/12287.html)] It has now become a vital responsibility… industry itself," Buchanan emphasised. HIGH FOOD PRICES KILLS BILLIONS OVERNIGHT AND COLLAPSES THE GLOBAL ECONOMY. Brown, 1998 (Lester, THE FUTURIST, “Food scarcity: an environmental wakeup call”, January 1, [|http://www.allbusiness.com/legal/laws-government-regulations-environmental/663828-1.html)] The food system is likely to be the… between 1959 and 1961. THE CDCS ZOONOTIC SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM PROVIDES RAPID ALERT SYSTEMS, UNIQUE DATABASES AND TRAINING ABROAD TO PREVENT AGRO-TERRORISM—ONLY THE CDC CAN RAPID COMMUNICATION OUTLETS. King, Senior Veterinarian at the Department of Health and Human Services, 2006 (Lonnie, “CDC Agroterrorism and Zoonotic Threat Preparedness Efforts”, August 24, [|http://www.hhs.gov/asl/testify/t060824.html)] A possible target of agroterrorism… pathogen like pandemic influenza.

Politics Link Turns

DEMOCRATS SUPPORT INTERNATIONAL DISEASE SURVEILLANCE. Anderson, 2006 (Jamie, Bachelor of Arts in International Studies at Boston College, “The Looming Threat of an Avian Flue Pandemic: Concepts of Human Security”, May, [|http://dissertations.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1169&context=ashonors)] In contrast to viewing vaccines…that it could wait another year” AID TO AFRICA TRANSCENDS PARTISAN POLITICS Ruddy, 2006 (Christopher, NEWS MAX, March 29, lexis) The press rarely speaks about it…globally, especially in Africa. BIPARTISAN SUPPORT FOR EXPAND CDC SURVEILLANCE Mabee, 2007 (Marcia, PhD and Executive Director of the Health Funding Council, “The CSTE Washington Report”, June 22) Discussion draft of CSTE surveillance bill done…activities across federal agencies” BIPART SUPPORT FOR AVIAN FLU PREVENTION Anderson, 2006 (Jamie, Bachelor of Arts in International Studies at Boston College, “The Looming Threat of an Avian Flue Pandemic: Concepts of Human Security”, May, [|http://dissertations.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1169&context=ashonors)] After addressing these broad issues…variety of domestic and international agencies CDC FUNDING UNPOPULAR—PERCEIVED INEFFICIENCES. Matus, 07-(Kate, "Ryan Wins Overwhelming Bipartisan Support to Stop Wastefbl CDC Spending: House Approves Amendment to Prevent Squandering Funds on Luxuries and Unnecessary Programs," July) First District Congressman Paul Ryan…to advance this goal.” CDC SPENDING IS UNPOPULAR-CORE FUNCTIONS ARE EXPERIENCING BUDGET CUTS Nesmith 2-7-2007 (Jeff, Cox News Service, "CDC Budget For Core Activities is Cut", ht~p://cvw.coxwashin~to.corn/h~lcontentire~orterslstorie~/2F0E0U7/B0U2/'I0I 7C/D CO6.htmI) WASHINGTON - The core Programs of the Centers for…and local health departments. CDC SPENDINGIS UNPOPULAR-BUDGET CUTS PROVE Effect Measure, 2006 ("Bush Slashes Into CDC Bone and Muscle," March 24) Under President George ("Keep Us Safe") Bush's…safety and health conerns. CDC BIOTERRORISM SPENDING IS UNPOPULAR-BIPARTISAN BUDGET CUTS PROVE Newsday 6-6-07 (Glenn Thrush, Schumer changes tune on bioterror cuts: Schumer leads push to reclaim lost funding for bioterror programs he previously voted to cut, records show," In December. Schumer didn't obiect…according to a spokesman.

Somalia AFF:

Woodward MN – Affirmative – Somalia

The United States federal government should provide the necessary assistance to the Center for Disease Control to establish a Global Disease Detection Center and syndromic surveillance in Somalia. INHERENCY—CURRENT SURVEILLANCE INCREASES ARE PIECEMEAL AND DON’T TARGET CRUCIAL AREAS LIKE SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA. Science Daily, 12/11/07 (Boyce is a UC Davis professor of veterinary medicine, “Bird-flu Expert Calls For Changes In Early-warning System”, [|http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/12/071207091915.htm)] The international science community is not doing enough to track the many avian influenza viruses that might cause the next pandemic, a UC Davis researcher says….than 45 days after it is generated. ADVANTAGE : FOOD SECURITY FIRST, SOMALIA IS ON THE BRINK OF AN OUTBREAK IN ZOONOTIC DISEASE—THIS WILL SPREAD CONTINENT WIDE AND DEVASTATE GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY. Agence France Press, 1/15/07 (“Conflict, disease threaten Horn Africa food security: monitors”, lexis) Fighting in Somalia…would constrain large-scale livestock vaccination programs," the statement said. ZOONOTIC DISEASE ERODE FOOD SECURITY—CRUSH CONSUMER CONFIDENCE AND FOOD TRADE. Domenech et al, Food and Agriculture Organization, 2006 (Joseph, ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Vol. 1, “Regional and International Approaches on Prevention and Control of Animal Transboundary and Emerging Diseases,” October) TADs impose major social and economic costs and risks to infected countries, their neighbors, and trading partners….commodities, and products of animal origin. SECOND, TERRORISTS WILL TARGET FOOD SUPPLIES CAUSING MASSIVE DEATH, CONTAMINATE FOOD, AND PYSCHOLOGICALLY DEVASTATE THE U.S—OUR EVIDENCE CITES EXPERTS IN FOOD SECURITY. Business Community Report, 2006 (“Is SA prepared for bioterrorism?”, 11/1, [|http://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/11/12287.html)] It has now become a vital responsibility of Government… of the food industry itself," Buchanan emphasised. FOOD INSECURITY KILLS BILLIONS OVERNIGHT AND COLLAPSES THE GLOBAL ECONOMY. Brown, 1998 (Lester, THE FUTURIST, “Food scarcity: an environmental wakeup call”, January 1, [|http://www.allbusiness.com/legal/laws-government-regulations-environmental/663828-1.html)] The food system is likely to be the sector…30 million people to death between 1959 and 1961. ECONOMIC COLLAPSE CAUSES EXTINCTION. Bearden, Director of the Association of Distinguished American Scientists, 2000 (T. E., Fellow Emeritus of the Alpha Foundation's Institute for Advanced Study "The Unnecessary Energy Crisis: How to Solve It Quickly," June 12) AND, INDEPENDENTLY—THESE DISEASES CAUSE EXTINCTION. South China Morning Post, 1996 (January 4, lexis) ADVANTAGE __: SOMALIAN TERRORISM TWO INTERNAL LINKS: FIRST---BLOWBACK. THE RISING TIDE OF ANTI-AMERICANISM IN SOMALIA MAKES IT A MAJOR HUB TERRORISTS—SPECIFICALLY AL-QAEDA. ONLY SWITCHING TOWARDS A MORE NUANCED COUNTER-TERRORISM APPROACH THAT BUILDS PUBLIC SUPPORT AND RENEWED STABILITY IS KEY. International Crisis Group, 2005 (“Counter-Terrorism in Somalia: Losing Hearts and Minds?”, 7/11, [|http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=3555)] During the 1990s, jihadism in Somalia was synonymous…strengthen the jihadis. EVERY FOREIGN POLICY EXPERT CONCLUDES THAT THE PRE-EMPTIVE AND AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY OF THE CURRENT WAR ON TERROR HAS EXACERBATED THE THREAT OF TERRORISM. INSTEAD, WE MUST FOCUS ON BUILDING BETTER DEFENSIVE METHODS OF PREVENTION. Cole and Lobel, Professors of Law at Georgetown and Pittsburgh, September 6, 2007 (David and Jules, THE NATION, “Why We’re Losing the War on Terror”, [|http://www.thenation.com/doc/20070924/cole_lobel/2)] President George W. Bush is fond of reminding us that no terrorist attacks have occurred on domestic soil since 9/11. But has the…When Russia feels the need to distance itself from the United States out of concern that its human rights image might be tarnished by association, we have fallen far.

SECOND, RELATIONS: US ACTION IS CRITICAL TO FACILITATE AN EFFECTIVE RESPONSE TO THE HUMANITARIAN CRISIS IN SOMALIA—ONLY THROUGH INCREASING AID TO SOMALIA CAN THE US CREATE GENUINE AND SUSTAINABLE RELATIONS WITH BOTH THE SOMALIAN GOVERNMENT AND ITS CITIZENS. THIS IS CRUCIAL TO EFFECTIVE TERRORISM PREVENTION.

Arman, 11/28/07 (Abkur, Writer for the Media Monitors Network, MEDIA MONITORS NETWORK, “Shifting Policy or a Face-saving Gimmick, Somalia Cannot be Ignored”, Media Monitors Network, [|http://usa.mediamonitors.net/content/view/full/47901)] By all standards, the situation unfolding in Somalia is horrifically grim…humanitarian and political mayhem at hand. TERRORISTS WILL DETONATE NUCLEAR WEAPONS IN THE UNITED STATES. EVEN IF THE MAGNITUDE OF ANOTHER IMPACT IS GREATER, THE PROBABILITY OF A NUCLEAR TERRORISM MEANS IT OUTWEIGHS. Posner, judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, 2005 (Richard, SKEPTIC, January 1, lexis) The gravest nuclear threat today comes not from rogue states but from terrorism…already, they probably willhave them soon. SURVEILLANCE IS AT THE HEART OF THIS NEW PARADIGM OF TERRORIST PREVENTION. OUR USE OF SURVEILLANCE IS SUBVERSIVE AND THE BEST WAY TO DECREASE INTERVENTION. Fearnley, a member of the Anthropology of the Contemporary Research Collaboratory an experimental project in collaborative research in the human sciences, 2005 (Lyle, “From Chaos to Controlled Disorder: Syndromic Surveillance, Bioweapons, and the Pathological Future”, March 25, http://anthropos lab.net/wp/publications/2007/01/fearn_chaos_to_disorder.pdf) Determining the normal syndromal patterns…monitored and controlled. SOLVENCY THE CDC’S ZOONOTIC SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM PROVIDES RAPID ALERT SYSTEMS, UNIQUE DATABASES, AND TRAINING ABROAD TO PREVENT AGRO-TERRORISM. ONLY THE CDC CAN RAPIDLY COMMUNICATE FINDINDS WITH U.S. AGENCIES. King, Senior Veterinarian at the Department of Health and Human Services, 2006 (Lonnie, “CDC Agroterrorism and Zoonotic Threat Preparedness Efforts”, August 24, [|http://www.hhs.gov/asl/testify/t060824.html)] A possible target of agroterrorism is the nation's food supply. Surveillance of and epidemiologic response to disease are the foundation of CDC's activities…infectious pathogen like pandemic influenza. INCREASING THE NUMBER OF TRAINED PERSONEL IN THE CDC IS CRUCIAL TO CREATE A STRONG PUBLIC HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE THAT IS CAPABLE OF MINIMIZING THE CASUALTIES FROM A BIOTERRORIST AND DISEASE OUTBREAK. THE CDC’S GLOBAL SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM PROVIDES A CRUCIAL SPOT FOR THIS TRAINING. Smolinski et al, Director of the Global Health & Security Initiative at Nuclear Threat Initiative, '03 (Marks. Smolinski (Former Senior Program Officer at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academics of Science and Epidemic Intelligence Officer for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Margaret A. Hamburg (Vice President for Biological Programs at Nuclear Threat Initiative), & Joshua Lederberg (Directs the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Informatics at The Rockefeller University) Editors, Board on Global Health at the institute of the National Academics, Microbial threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response, 3-18-2003, [|http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10636.html)] As described earlier, surveillance of and…career paths in infectious disease prevention and control. INCREASING THE NUMBER OF TRAINED PERSONEL IN THE CDC IS CRUCIAL TO CREATE A STRONG PUBLIC HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE THAT IS CAPABLE OF MINIMIZING THE CASUALTIES FROM A BIOTERRORIST AND DISEASE OUTBREAK. THE CDC’S GLOBAL SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM PROVIDES A CRUCIAL SPOT FOR THIS TRAINING. Smolinski et al, Director of the Global Health & Security Initiative at Nuclear Threat Initiative, '03 (Marks. Smolinski (Former Senior Program Officer at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academics of Science and Epidemic Intelligence Officer for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Margaret A. Hamburg (Vice President for Biological Programs at Nuclear Threat Initiative), & Joshua Lederberg (Directs the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Informatics at The Rockefeller University) Editors, Board on Global Health at the institute of the National Academics, Microbial threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response, 3-18-2003, [|http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10636.html)] As described earlier, surveillance of and…career paths in infectious disease prevention and control. THE CDC’S RESPONSE SPEED AND ASSISTANCE CAPABILITIES ARE UNMATCHED GLOBALLY—A STUDY DONE BY THE WORLD’S LEADING SCIENTISTS PROVE. Naylor et al, Dean of Medicine at the U of Toronto, 2003 (Dr. Sheela Basrur, Medical Officer of Health, City of Toronto; Dr. Michel G. Bergeron, Chairman of the Division of Microbiology and of the Infectious Diseases Research Centre of Laval University, Quebec City; Dr. Robert C. Brunham, Medical Director of the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver; Dr. David Butler-Jones, Medical Health Officer for Sun Country, and Consulting Medical Health Officer for Saskatoon Health Regions, Regina; Gerald Dafoe, Chief Executive Officer of the Canadian Public Health Association, Ottawa; Dr. Mary Ferguson-Paré, Vice-President, Professional Affairs and Chief Nurse Executive at University Health Network, Toronto; Frank Lussing, Past President and CEO of York Central Hospital, Richmond Hill; Dr. Allison McGeer, Director of Infection Control, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto; Kaaren R. Neufeld, Executive Director and Chief Nursing Officer at St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg; Dr. Frank Plummer, Scientific Director of the Health Canada National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON SARS AND PUBLIC HEALTH, “Learning From SARS: Renewal of Public Health in Canada”, October 23, [|http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/sars-sras/naylor/3_e.html#s3a)] The CDC has 12 centres, institutes and offices. The Director…infectious outbreak is unmatched globally.

Woodward MN – Affirmative – Children’s Health Care

Plan— The United States federal government should provide the necessary assistance to non-abstinence based treatment and prevention programs in topically designated areas through the Joint Learning Initiative on Children and Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. THOUGH JONATHAN SWIFT WROTE A MODEST PROPOSAL IN 1729, WE ARE SEEING EERIE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE U.S.’ CURRENT ATTITUDES TOWARDS CHILDREN AND THE PROPOSAL THAT SWIFT IRONICALLY OFFERED IN THE 18TH CENTURY, TO HAVE THE IRISH EAT THEIR CHILDREN. OUR SOCIETY HAS COME TO VIEW CHILDREN AS A WASTE OF OUR TIME. COMPLICITY WITH THIS NEW FORM OF POLICYMAKING ALLOWS ONE CHILD TO DIE OF AIDS EVERY MINUTE AND LAYS THE FOUNDATION FOR ENDLESS DEATH AT THE HANDS OF IGNORANCE. Africa News, 2005 (“Children: the Missing Face of Aids”, October 31, lexis) UNICEF said that children affected by the disease…way we allocate and use resources."

AGE BASED EXCLUSION PERMEATES INSTITUTIONS AND PUTS GLOBAL LIFE AT RISK. WE MUST TAKE STEPS TO PREVENT THIS AVERSION TOWARDS ALTERITY AT THE EARLIEST AGE POSSIBLE Gullette, Resident Scholar with the Women’s Studies Research Center at Brandeis U, 2006 (Mararet Morganroth, THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS A NATURAL DISASTER, p. 115-6) THE AMERICAN COMPLICITY IN MASS SUFFERING IS MANIFESTED THROUGH OUR IGNORANCE OF AIDS IN AFRICA. ACCEPTING OUR OBLIGATION DEMANDS AN END TO EXCUSES REGARDING INACTION—THE PLAN ESTABLISHES A NEW FRAMEWORK FOR THE WAY AMERICA VIEWS AFRICAN PROBLEMS. Sachs, Director of the Center for International Development at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government, 2002 (Jeffrey, BOSTON GLOBE, “AIDS overwhelms Africa, tests U.S. national morality”, 3/17, [|http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=27911&format=print)] AIDS has overtaken the hospital. Seventy percent…individuals and as a country. THE AMERICAN SOCIAL LANDSCAPE PROVIDES US WITH A UNIQUE LENS TO VIEW THE EXCLUSION OF CHILDREN ON A BROADER SCALE. HOW WE VIEW CHILDREN ENABLES US TO TRANSFORM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE U.S. FROM APATHY TO INTEREST REGARDING OTHER INSTANCES OF EXCLUSION. Fass, Professor of History at Berkeley, 2003 (Paula S., JOURNAL OF SOCIAL HISTORY, Vol. 36, No. 4, “Children and Globalization”) [It is odd that children and childhood…youth complex" with a powerful symbolic fuse.] THE AMERICAN POLITICAL ARENA PROVIDES US WITH A UNIQUE TIME TO ADVANCE ROBUST CHILDREN-FIRST POLITICS. Schmitt, Senior Fellow at the New American Foundation, November 19, 2007 (Mark, THE AMERICAN PROSPECT, “’Kids First Politics’: Round Two”, [|http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=kids_first_politics_round_two)] A couple of years later, a memo from pollster Stanley…fight between tax cuts and children, children will prevail. TRANSFORMING GOOD INTENTIONS INTO POLITICAL COMMITMENTS IS CRUCIAL TO GENERATE MEANINGFUL AND GENUINE RESPONSES TO THE CHILD—WE MUST EMBRACE CHILDREN-FIRST-POLITICS TO REMOVE CHILDREN FROM THE BACKBURNER OF SOCIETY. Bell, Senior Research Fellow at the Center for Nonprofit Organizations at Harvard, 2006 (Peter, President of CARE USA, THE LANCET, “The Joint Learning Initiative on Children and HIV/AIDS”, December 1, lexis) This growing political commitment could provide a crucial opportunity…ready to make common cause with all people committed to children's flourishing. THE COMPLEXITY OF OUR OBLIGATION TO THE CHILD DEMANDS US TO TAKE A MORE NUANCED APPROACH TO ENGAGEMENT. TRADITIONAL METHODS OF COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS MAKE IT IMPOSSIBLE TO MEANINGFULLY ENGAGE WITH CHILDREN. THE IMPACT IS INFANTICIDE AND COMPLICITY WITH MASS DEATH. Lokan, Professor of Law at the Quinnipac College School of Law, 1999 (Gregory, ARIZONA STATE LAW JOURNAL, 31 Ariz. St. L.J. 1121, “Gratitude and the Map of Moral Duties Toward Children”, Winter, lexis) Yet for all its virtues as an analytical…turns out to be objectively terrible. UNILATERAL, SELF-BINDING COMMITMENTS CAN INTRODUCE AND PROMOTE NORMS OF BEHAVIORS BETWEEN STATES. THIS SELF-CONSCIOUS PROCESS OF ACTION BUILDS TRUST AND FACILITATES RADICAL CHANGE. Wendt, Professor of Political Science at U of Chicago, 1992 (Alexander, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION, Vol. 46, No. 2, Spring) SOLVENCY: USAID ASSISTANCE TO CHILDREN WITH AIDS IS CRUCIAL TO REDUCE TRANSMISSION AND ENSURE LONG-TERM SUSTAINABILITY. Peterson, Assistant Administrator of Global Health, 2002 (Anne, “USAID Works to Help Youngest Victims of HIV/AIDS; Agency funds 60 projects in 22 countries”, April 18, lexis) The fundamental principle underlying…those affected and a vision of how to do it. US ASSISTANCE IS KEY TO SPUR A GENUINE GLOBAL EFFORT TO PREVENT AIDS—INTERNATIONAL ACTION NOT DRIVEN BY AMERICAN LEADERSHIP FAILS. Morrison and Moore, Executive Director of the CSIS Task Force on HIV/Aids and Senior Fellow with the Global Health Council, May 5, 2007 (Stephen and Allen, CSIS REPORT, “Advancing US Leadership on Global HIV/AIDS”, [|http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/070504_pepfar.pdf)] The White House and Congress should…multiyear plans based on reliable future funding flows. USAID POSSESSES A UNIQUE STOCKOF EXPERTISE AND IMPLEMENTATION KNOWLEDGE—OPEN-ENDED ASSISTANCE FACILITATES THE INVOLVEMENTOF US CIVIL SOCIETY IN CREATING BOTTOM-UP ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS Windsor, Executive Director of Freedom House, 2003 (Jennifer, WASHINGTON QUARTERLY, Vol. 26, Issue 3, Summer) • USAID should be involved. Ensuring strategic use of assistance also means bringing resource experts to the table. USAID is always the favorite target of…government’s greatest asset in promoting democracy.