Bronx+Science+BG+-+Francisco+Bencosme+&+Kristina+Gunnarsdottir+aff


 * NANOTECH**

CONTENTION ONE - THE REVOLUTION

NANOTECHNOLOGIES ARE INCREASING AND ASSEMBLERS ARE ONLY A FEW YEARS AWAY Mike Treder, (Research Fellow with Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, Exec Director, CRN) 2003, and Chris Phoenix, (Director of Research, BS Symbolic Systems, MS Computer Sci Stanford), May 18, 2003 (Most Recently Updated), “Timeline for Molecular Manufacturing,” Center for Responsible Nanotechnology, http://www.crnano.org/timeline.htm Fabricator design is … under $5 billion.

ADVANCED NANO COMING SOON – CONSENSUS OF EXPERTS Jack Uldrich, (Sr Assoc of Foresight Inst, Pres of NanoVeritas Group) and Deb Newberry, (MA Nuclear Physics; Former leadership position at Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Research and Defense Policy Committee), 2003, The Next Big Thing Is Really Small: How Nanotechnology Will Change the Future of Your Business, Crown Business, New York, 187-188 A survey of …going to be everything.

ADVANTAGE ONE - DISEASE

MEDICINAL NANO-APPLICATIONS COMING NOW Eric Drexler. PhD in Molecular Nanotech, SB, and SM from MIT, Founder, Chairman Emeritus, and Chairman of the Board of Advisors of Foresight Institute, “Mr. Nanotechnology.” 1986. “Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology.” www.foresight.org/EOC/index.html. Medical needs will push…easier to foresee.

THESE APPLICATIONS WILL REVOLUTIONALIZE MEDICINE David M. Ewalt, InformationWeek, 87506874, 5/13/2002, Issue 888 NANOTECH MAY AID HOSPITALS, PATIENTS. EBSCO. John Halamka works … benefits from nanotech.

THESE APPLICATIONS ARE CRITICAL TO ALLEVIATING DISEASE IN AFRICA SUCH AS HIV AIDS Erin Court et al, (Professors at University Depts of Medicine, Bioethics, Public Health, etc), Jan 28, 2004, Nanotech Web, http://nanotechweb.org/cws/article/indepth/18909 Nanotechnology for health and the environment in the developing world Nanotechnology offers a … for economic development.

NANOTECH ASSEMBLERS WILL COMPLETELY SOLVE 100% OF ALL DISEASE Cymbeline R. Villamin. June, 2001. Infoscience. www.stii.dost.gov.ph/INFOSCIENCE/jun2001/jun01_6.htm Even more astounding..growing up disease-free.

DISEASE IMPACT

ADVANTAGE TWO – THE NANO DIVIDE

SUBSAHARAN AFRICA LACKS ACCESS TO NANO-APPLICATIONS NOW Mohamed H. A. Hassan, (President of the African Academy of Sciences (AAS)), July 2005, Science, Vol. 309. no. 5731, pp. 65 – 66, http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/309/5731/65 Will such heavy …and in the Islamic world (8).

FAILURE TO INCLUDE SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA IN THE NANO-REVOLUTION WILL EXACERBATE INEQUALITY, POVERTY, AND DISEASE THERE Peter A. Singer et al. (Director of the University of Toronto Joint Centre for Bioethics), Summer 2005, Issues in Science and Technology, http://www.utoronto.ca/jcb/about/publications/Harnessing_Nanotechnology.pdf The inequity between …in the developing world.

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA NEEDS NANO THE MOST BECAUSE OF ITS UNIQUE CHALLENGES WITH DISEASE AND POVERTY Nature Nanotechnology 2, 661 (2007), Published online: 21 October 2007, Editorial, www.nature.com/nnano/journal/v2/n11/full/nnano.2007.349.html;jsessionid=D2DBE621D247BEC0F888E75845B38241 Introduction It is easy…of being too optimistic5.

FAILURE TO CONSIDER NANO FOR LDCS GUARANTEES GLOBAL INEQUALITY Tanya L. Sheetz, Jorge Vidal, Thomas D. Pearson, and Karen Lozano (BA, MA U Texas Pan America; Adjunct lecturer in Econ & Finance Dept at U of Texas Pan Am, PhD candidate at College of Business and Administration; Associate Prof Philosophy U Texas Pan-Am; Assoc Prof Mech Engineering Dept U Texas Pan-AM, PhD Rice U) August 2005, Technology in Society, 27:3, pp 329-345, sci direct The divide between the rich …materials and consumer products.

HERE ARE MY INEQUALITY IMPACTS- EITHER USE THESE, OR ADD YOUR OWN (OBVIOUSLY AFRICA-SPECIFIC IS BETTER)

POVERTY OUTWEIGHS ALL IMPACTS Mumia Abu-Jamal, September 19, 1998, “A Quiet and Deadly Violence,” www.flashpoints.net/mQuietDeadlyViolence.html By "structural violence" …the world. [Gilligan, p. 196]

ADVANTAGE THREE- NANOTECHNOLOGY

US CORPORATIONS ARE MONOPOLIZING NANO-DEVELOPMENTS, EXCLUDING DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Mohamed H. A. Hassan, (President of the African Academy of Sciences (AAS)), July 2005, Science, Vol. 309. no. 5731, pp. 65 – 66, http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/309/5731/65 The participation of developing…economies in the long term.

US COMMERICIAL NANO MONOPOLIZATION CAUSES NANO’S WORST APPLICATIONS Eric Drexler and Chris Peterson – Ph.D, MIT, and Prof of Comp Sci, Berkely. “Unbounding the Future: the Nanotechnology Revolution.” The Foresight Institute. 1991. http://www.voidspace.org.uk/science/unbound/index.shtml Scenario 3: International Technorivalry A variant of the Ordinary …neck and neck, and then. . ..

NANO ARMS CAUSE AN INTENSIFYING ARMS RACE AND PRE-EMPTIVE PRESSURES WILL CAUSE GLOBAL WAR Mark Avrum Gubrud. Superconductivity Researcher at U of MD. 1997. “Nanotechnology and International Security.” Foresight 5th Conference Paper. http://www.csr.umd.edu/~mgubrud/nanosec1.html Whereas the perfection … plateau was reached.

NANO WAR OUTWEIGHS WMD CONFLICT Thomas McCarthy, Assistant Director of Graduate Admissions at Boston University's Graduate School of Management. , 2K. 2000. “Molecular Technology and the World System.” www.mccarthy.cx/WorldSystem/war.htm MNT will change the nature … of an entire nation.

PLAN OPENS THE DOOR TO COMPREHENSIVE REGULATIONS OF NANO UPI, November 06, 2004, http://washingtontimes.com/upi-breaking/20041104-010910-7296r.htm [quals added] Shipman [a research associate with the University of South Carolina] thinks as …agencies (would follow)."

REGULATIONS SOLVE GREY GOO Eric Drexler and Chris Peterson – Ph.D, MIT, and Prof of Comp Sci, Berkely. “Unbounding the Future: the Nanotechnology Revolution.” The Foresight Institute. 1991. www.foresight.org/UTF/Unbound_LBW/chapt_12.html To keep dangerous … time to try to respond.

GREY GOO DESTROYS THE ENTIRE UNIVERSE - THAT OUTWEIGHS EXTINCTION ON PLANET EARTH Howard Rheingold, (Appointed lecturer at Stanford, Editor Emeritus of Whole Earth Review, Utne Magazine Independent Press Award, widely recognized as a leading authority on social implications of technology), Fall, 1992, Whole Earth Review, www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1510/is_n76/ai_12635777 It looks as if something … E.T. than on the Alien.

ONLY RESPONSIBLE DEVELOPMENT OF NANO AVOIDS GREY GOO John Robert Marlow, (Nanotech Columnist, nominated for the 2004 Foresight Institute Prize in Communication), February, 2004, Interview by Rocky Rawstern, editor of Nanotechnology Now, http://www.nanotech-now.com/John-Marlow-Superswarm-interview-Feb04.htm Such a nanoevent could …own self-replicating skin cells.

THE CURRENT NANOTECH FOCUS WILL CAUSE ITS INEVITABLE COLLAPSE – EXCLUSION OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES CAUSES PUBLIC BACKLASH Erin Court et al, (Professors at University Depts of Medicine, Bioethics, Public Health, etc), Jan 28, 2004, Nanotech Web, http://nanotechweb.org/cws/article/indepth/18909 Prince Charles1 and the ETC … developing country perspectives6.

SUCH A BACKLASH IS THE LARGEST THREAT TO DEVELOPMENT OF NANOTECH Tanya L. Sheetz, Jorge Vidal, Thomas D. Pearson, and Karen Lozano (BA, MA U Texas Pan America; Adjunct lecturer in Econ & Finance Dept at U of Texas Pan Am, PhD candidate at College of Business and Administration; Associate Prof Philosophy U Texas Pan-Am; Assoc Prof Mech Engineering Dept U Texas Pan-AM, PhD Rice U) August 2005, Technology in Society, 27:3, pp 329-345, sci direct One of the greatest challenges … poses an enormous challenge.

NANO SOLVES THE MOST LIKELY CAUSES OF WAR – RESOURCE CONFLICTS Thomas McCarthy, 2K. Assistant Director of Graduate Admissions at Boston University's Graduate School of Management. 2000. “Molecular Technology and the World System.” http://www.mccarthy.cx/WorldSystem/intro.htm One of the most common … access to certain materials.

NANO MEANS WE SURVIVE NUCLEAR WAR Mark Avrum Gubrud. Superconductivity Researcher at U of MD. 1997. “Nanotechnology and International Security.” Foresight 5th Conference Paper. http://www.csr.umd.edu/~mgubrud/nanosec1.html Advanced nanotechnology, could… could also be provided.

NANOTECH LEADS TO UTOPIA – SOLVES ALL IMPACTS Bill Joy, April 2k. Cofounder, chief scientist of Sun Microsystems. “Why the future doesn’t need us” Wired Magazine. http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.04/joy.html The many wonders … and restoration of extinct species.

THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD GIVE TOPICALLY DESIGNATED COUNTRIES A SUBSTANTIAL MEDICINAL NANOTECHNOLOGY PACKAGE THAT INCLUDES FUNDS TO INVEST IN MEDICINAL NANOTECHNOLOGY AND MEDICINAL NANOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS.

THE US SHOULD INCREASE FUNDS FOR MEDICINAL NANOTECHNOLOGY Mohamed H. A. Hassan, (President of the African Academy of Sciences (AAS)), July 2005, Science, Vol. 309. no. 5731, pp. 65 – 66, http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/309/5731/65 It is for this reason that …important benefit of all.

THE US MUST SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASE NANO-MEDICINE ASSISTANCE TO PRIORITIZE NANOTECHNOLOGY TOWARDS THE MOST VITAL PROBLEMS Fabio Salamanca-Buentello, et al, (U Toronto Joint Centre for Bioethics and Canadian Program and Genomics and Global Health), April, 2005, Policy Forum, Vol 2, Issue 4, “Nanotechnology and the Developing World,” http://nanotech.sc.mahidol.ac.th/doc/nano-devworld.pdf Nanotechnology can be harnessed …people in the developing world.

=Tobacco= Aid just tripled Boston Global 4-3-08 (Pepfar)

Tobacco co are targeting Africa due to strict regs in the US William Onziyu 01, Public Health and the Tobacco Problem: International Legal Implications for Africa, 29 Ga. J. Int’l &Comp L 223 “It is now established that the tobacco industry has abandoned…worsening proportions remains”

Absent action now, cigs will kill more by 2025 than the worst nuclear war Michael Rabinoff 2006, Ending the Tobacco Holocaust pg 11-13 “In the wake of September…for 47 years”

Developing countires need assistance to comply with the FCTC Charlie Schmidt 2007, Jounal of the Naitonal Cancer Institutue, “Public support for smoking bans diffusing to developing countries” “What’s driving the global trend?....we can turn those numbers around””

FCTC will collapses if Afircan countries don’t’ meet the obligations PR Newswire 05 www.tobacco.org/news/207838.html “Governments must ratify by November 8th….Senegal, Seychelles and South Africa”


 * Terror Advantage**

Smuggling cuases terror profits US Fedearl News “Tobacco smuggling has developed into a popular…over the Internet”

Cig money funds terror State News Service “Fossella said the cigarette black market….national security interest”

Corsi

Effective implmentation key to solve smuggling world wide Brent Pickett March 06, “From a Rhetoric of Nostalgia to a Health-Based Policy: Tobacco, Obesity and the WTO” Cambridge Review of International Affairs “Other provisions in the treaty address…provide assistance in this task”


 * PH Advantage**

Tobacco treatys focus on global health protection which is needed to prevent inevitable disease outbreaks Benjamin Mason Meier and Larisa M Mori, Fall 2005, “The Highest Attainable Standard: Advancing a Collective Human Right to Public Health, 37 Colum. Human Rights L. Rev. 101 “Globalization has channeled the spread of disease…development and ratification of the FCTC”

Strong global pulic health models are needed to contain bird flu David P. Fidler 2004, ASIL Insights, Online “As was the case when SARS emerged…to determine what measures to take”

Chandra

Hurts Econ--Beardon

FCTC success creates a legal platform for global health protection—it’s the test case Garrett Mehl, Heather Wipfli and Peter Winch 2005, Harvard International Review, http://hir.harvard.edu/articles/1325 “Tobacco is the leading cause of preventable death… China National Tobacco Corporation”


 * Germ Line Advantage**

FCTC success jumpstarts multilat action to end germ-line interventions. Failure to do so results in eugenics and risks genocide as entire pops are stigmatized Allyn Taylor, 99, “Globalization and Biotechnology: UNESCO and an Internaitonal Strategy to Advance Human Rights and Public Health” Am. J. L. and Med/ 479 “The globalization of public health further proves…of advances in genetic science”

Germ line interventions cause extinction Andorno Roberto 2002 www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?pid=S0042-96862002001200010&script=sci_arttext “It is true that global bodies….to the first option”

ASM Abdullah and CG Husten 04, “Promotion of smoking cessation in developing countries: a framework for urgent public health interventions, Thorax, Volume 59 “Smoking cessation is a priority for preventing disease…and implement these programmes”
 * Solvency**

US extertises and resources are key US Newswire 03 “The world’s nations today have risen… by the World Health Assembly”

= = =E-Waste (Fear/Borg Adv's)=

__Contention One – e-Waste__

The rules we establish for e-Waste will determine the role of consumption in society. Amos Batto, Indiana Peace and Justice Network & Grad Student History – U Indiana, ‘6 (“A Better Upgrade, Not a Faster Throw-Away,” [|http://www.ciber-runa.net/guide/BetterUpgrade--ActivistGuide.html)]

Our current rules mean we will increasingly dump e-Waste in Africa. Jerome Douglas, November 29, ‘6 (“E-waste from advanced nations creating toxic dumping grounds in Asia, Africa”, [|http://www.newstarget.com/021197.html)]

Hence the PLAN:

The United States federal government should provide sufficient and proportionate taxes for technical and financial assistance to topically designated areas for safe management and disposal of United States’ electronic waste exports to topically designated areas.

__Advantage One – Value to Life__

First, fear of death saturates society. The problem is that people cope with that fear through endless consumption. John **__DEGRAAF ET AL__** Seattle television producer 5/22/**__99__** (and Duke University economist Thomas H. Naylor, and Colorado environmentalist David Wann. [|http://www.dixienet.org/spatriot/vol5no6/affluenza.htm “Affluenza”)

This coping mechanism reduces life to mere survival without experience. WINHAM, MACALESTER COLLEGE, ‘1 (“DEMOCRATIC ONE DIMENSIONALITY”, FALL, [|http://lilt.ilstu.edu/critique/Fall2001Docs/iwinham.htm]

This makes life meaningless. You should affirm life through its interconnectedness beyond physical death. James P. Carse, Professor of Religious Studies – NYU, ‘80 (//Death and Existence//, p. 5-6)

The plan shifts the coping mechanism to interconnectedness, shattering the consumptive paradigm’s grip on our minds. R. P. Hill, Business - U South Florida, and K. K. Dhanda, Business U Portland, ‘4 (Organization & Environment, 17.2)

__Advantage Two – Miscalculation__

Coping with fear of death through endless technology causes miscalculation. Risk calculation itself becomes a form of consumption.

First, we consume apocalyptic journalism. Fascination with sudden breakdowns and market crashes saturates policymaking and skews accurate risk assessment. Kathleen Stewart, Anthropology – UT Austin, & Susan Harding, Anthropology – UCSC, ‘99 (Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 28: 285-310, “BAD ENDINGS: American Apocalypsis”)

Second, we consume wars like candy. The focus on war as an event disconnects it from the larger social structures that make it possible. Chris J. Cuomo, Philosophy – University of Cincinnati, ’92 (//Hypatia// 11.4, “War Is Not Just An Event”)

Risk calculation independently shapes society. Waste is an example of dumping industrial risks on those with the least power so that ivory tower academics can obsess over superpower scenarios. This way of thinking obliterates the periphery. Masahide Kato, Department of Political Science – University of Hawaii, ‘93 (//Alternatives// 18, p. 346-350, “Nuclear Globalism”)

This traffic in risk results in extinction. Nicholas Low, Lecturer – U Melbourne, & Brendan Gleeson, Fellow - Australian Nat’l U, ‘98 (University, Justice, Society, and Nature: an Exploration of Political Ecology, p. 103-104)

The plan shifts the risk calculus – it changes how we decide and analyze risk. Ulrich Beck, Professor for Sociology at the University of Munich, British Journal of Sociology Professor at the London School of Economics and Sciences, ‘92 (“Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity”, p. 76-77)

__Advantage Three – The Borg__

Living in order to consume makes technology the new religion. This religion demands we constantly discard anything less than perfect. In other words, we become the Borg. Mike Artnfield, Master’s Student Information and Media Studies - U Western Ontario, ‘7 (//Bulletin of Science Technology Society//, 27.37, “The Aesthetic Calculus”)

This identification with technology makes extinction inevitable. The eradication of our mortal imperfections can never end. The Borg will kill us all because we can’t be perfectly assimilated. Dr. Harold F. Searles, MD, ’72 (//Countertransference & Related Subjects//, “Unconscious Processes & Environmental Crisis,” p. 236-242)

The plan reorients our relationship to technology. Peter L. Daniels, Professor of Geography - University of Birmingham, ‘3 (//International Journal of Social Economics// 30.1/2, “Buddhist economics and the environment”)

The plan’s assistance is key—we must take responsibility for the ongoing impact of our past consumption Alastair Iles, Energy and Resources Group—UC, ‘4 (Global Environmental Politics 4.4, 76-107) Environmental justice analyses, however, have become more…compare consumption between countries.”

2AC: Claim to not destroy fear of death.

1. We meet—we are the e-waste vaccine for diseases Afriquenligne News, 2k7 (10/27, “Nokia moves to curb electonic waste dumping in Africa,” [|http://www.afriquenligne.fr/news/daily-news/nokia-moves-to-curb-electronic-waste-dumping-in-africa-2007121013153/)] “A source close to Nokia Eastern…Communication Manger, East Africa.”
 * A2: T Public health = comm. Disease **

2. Counterinterpretation Public Health must be communicable disease and environmental hazard American Heritage Medical Dictionary 2002 “The science and practice of protecting…environmental hazards”

3. Counter standards A. Limits- we sole all their limits arguments we just allow for one more case. At best communitcable disease unlimits there are 43 permutations of different communicable disease the threshold has been crossed B. Education—Our interpretation integrates ideals of academic programs with decision making—allows for the best form of education on environmental issues Frenk, National Institute of Publich Health, 1993 C. No intent to define—their evidence is in the context of immigrants like not a predictable definition D. Excludes core cases Angyal—89 (Andrew, Lewis Thomas, p 89) “The time is short and much needs to be done…advent of modern medicine.” E. Underlimiting good Frenk, 93 F. Ground—we increase it G. Contextual ev 4. Counter interp only we’re topical 5. Reasonability 6. Pot abuse not voter

Turn- Bipart Environmental assistance programs are bipartisan Nigel Purvis, The Brookings Institute, Greening U.S. Foreign Aid through the Millenium CHallenge Acount, June 2003 "Giving some priority to environmental aid...this tradition of leadership."
 * A2: Politics **

Plan is bipartisan-- recent legislation and house group proves Benjamin H. Wu, Assistant Secretary for Technology Policy United States Department of Commerce, August 17, 2005 [|www.technology.gov/speeches/p+BHW+050817.htm]) "I can't speak for Congress and even...Slaughter of New York"

Plan is bipartisan-- recent legislation and recycling approaches prove. Lesley McCullough, august 01, 2005 (US Congress crafts national tech recycling plan, [|http://www.macworld.com/news/2005/08/01/techrecycling/index.php "A few states, like California, Maine, and maryland...to deal with electronic waste."

Zero risk of the impact—they can’t beat this card Peter R. Orszag, Ph.D in Economis & director of the CBO ‘7 “Macroeconomic volatility has been significantly…terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001”

1. We control uniqueness- taxes inec and impossible to reject 2. The plan stops coercive control of technology 3. Taxes key. Only 1ac’s use of environmetal taxes can solve in the long term David Luckin, 2k “Environmental Taxation and Red-Green politics” “Having elaborated the weakness of the cominant…in a number of European countries.”
 * A2: Coercion **

4. case o/w 5. grounding ptx withing elthical framework leads to totalitarianism ethics shapes humanity into a pre-determined moral imperative, expunghing difference and plurality Dean Richard Villa, 96 “Arendt appropriates Heidegger’s genealogy…not a political community at all.”

Ethical discourse reproduces the causes of violence and dehumanizes people by turning them into abstract victims David Chandler, ‘1 (Human Rights Quarerly23, “The Road to Military Humanitarianism” “The search for victims has dominated media coverage…”

=E-Waste (Neoliberalism Adv)= Betsy M. **__Billinghurst__**, JD Candidate – U Colorado School of Law, **__‘5__** (Spring, 16 COLO. J. INT'L ENVTL. L. & POL'Y 399) “Electronic waste (“e-waste”) is… the imported electronic waste.” Jerome **__Douglas,__** November 29, 20**__06__** (“E-waste from advanced nations creating toxic dumping grounds in Asia, Africa”, [|http://www.newstarget.com/021197.html)] __“In recent times__… in other words, e-waste." Alastair **__Iles__**, research fellow at Energy and Resources group and University of California, **__‘4__** (Global Environmental Politics - Volume 4, Number 4, pp. 76-107, Project Muse) “Environmental justice refers to the idea… to create vulnerable populations” Masahide **__Kato__**, Department of Political Science – University of Hawaii, **__‘93__** (//Alternatives// 18, p. 346-350, “Nuclear Globalism”) “The pseudo-universalistic rhetoric… the formation of discourse.” Kathleen **__Stewart__**, Anthropology – UT Austin, & Susan Harding, Anthropology – UCSC, **__‘99__** (Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 28: 285-310, “BAD ENDINGS: American Apocalypsis”) __“Modernity is__ both __a__... miraculous new beginnings.”
 * __Contention One – the status quo__**
 * the united states currently exports its growing heaps of electronic waste in order to avoid strict domestic regulations.**
 * e-waste is increasingly dumped in africa.**
 * __Contention two – risk__**
 * NEOLIBERAL MARKET MODELS DEMAND THAT COUNTRIES WITH THE WEAKEST REGULATION TAKE OUR WASTE IN THE NAME OF EFFICIENCY. THIS SUBJECTS THE MOST VULNERABLE TO THE MOST HAZARD WHILE PEOPLE IN THE UNITED STATES DENY RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR POLLUTION.**
 * THE NEOLIBERAL DIVISION OF LABOR FORCES OTHERS TO DEAL WITH THE ONGOING RISKS OF OUR WASTE SO WE CAN FANTASIZE ABOUT THE RISKS OF NUCLEAR EXCHANGE. THIS MODE OF RISK CALCULATION IS ITSELF A FORM OF EXTERMINATION.**
 * WORST-CASE APOCALYPTIC THREATS JUSTIFY DUMPING SYSTEMIC RISKS ON OTHERS IN ORDER TO SAVE OUR CURRENT CONSUMPTION PATTERNS.**

Boaventura de Sousa **__Santos__**, Professor of Sociology - University of Coimbra, **__03__** (Bad Subjects, Issue #63, April, [|bad.eserver.org/issues/2003/63/santos.html]) “According to Franz Hinkelammert, the West… __of horror and destruction__.”
 * OUR WILLINGNESS TO SACRIFICE OTHERS IN ORDER TO PROTECT OUR MARKET MODELS ENABLES EVER-ESCALATING VIOLENCE.**

Nicholas **__Low__**, Lecturer – U Melbourne, **__&__** Brendan **__Gleeson__**, Fellow - Australian Nat’l U, **__‘98__** (University, Justice, Society, and Nature: an Exploration of Political Ecology, p. 103-104) Of course, as Ulrich Beck… __global uneven development__.” HENCE, THE PLAN: Roger **__Tooze__**, Former Professor – London School of Economics, **__‘2K__** (//Strange Power//, Ed. Thomas Lawton, James Rosenau, and Amy Verdun, p. 191-2) “From this critical conception… IPE, she is right.” A. Claire **__Cutler__**, Political Science – Victoria, **__‘2K__** (//Strange Power//, Ed. Thomas Lawton, James Rosenau, and Amy Verdun, p. 161-2) “We might begin with… constraints on human autonomy’ (Linklater 1986: 308).3”
 * THIS TRAFFIC IN RISK CALCULATION THREATENS ALL LIFE.**
 * The United States federal government should provide sufficient and proportionate taxes for technical and financial assistance to the topically designated area for safe management and disposal of United States’ electronic waste exports to the topically designated area.**
 * __CONTENTION THREE – SOLVENCY__**
 * THE ROLE OF THE BALLOT. OUR CURRENT CONSTRUCTION OF RISK SERVES AS AN A PRIORI FRAME FOR ALL POLITICAL CALCULATION. ACADEMIC DEBATE IS A KEY SPACE TO CHALLENGE AND ENABLE MORE EFFECTIVE FORMS OF RESISTANCE.**
 * THIS RESISTANCE MUST COMBINE TRANSFORMATION OF INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES WITH A TRANSFORMATION OF RISK CALCULATIONS. WE SHOULD HARNESS ASSISTANCE TO YIELD FUNDAMENTAL CHANGES IN OUR SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ARRANGEMENTS.**

Ulrich **__Beck__**, Professor of Sociology – Munich, **__‘95__** (//Ecological Enlightenment//, Trans. Mark Ritter, p. 38-9) “Undoubtedly, __there are many__… **__Germany are only too familiar__**__?”__ William **__Graf__**, Professor of Geography at the University of South Carolina, **__‘95__** ([|http://socialistregister.com/socialistregister.com/files/SR_1995_Graf.pdf)] “It is important, finally… **__start__** __from the state.”__ Ulrich **__Beck__**, Professor for Sociology at the University of Munich, British Journal of Sociology Professor at the London School of Economics and Sciences, **__‘92__** (“Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity”, p. 76-77) __Where__ modernization __risks__… partially expressly altering them.” Amos **__Batto__**, Indiana Peace and Justice Network & Grad Student History – U Indiana, **__‘6__** (“A Better Upgrade, Not a Faster Throw-Away,” [|http://www.ciber-runa.net/guide/BetterUpgrade--ActivistGuide.html)] “__Computer consumption in__… collective efforts for reform.” Alastair **__Iles__**, Energy and Resources Group – UC, **__‘4__** (Global Environmental Politics 4.4, 76-107) Richard W. **__Clapp__** **__and__** David **__Ozonoff__**, __Professors at Boston University School of Public Health__ **__‘4__** (30 Am. J. L. and Med. 189)
 * EFFECTIVE POLICY CHANGE MUST INCLUDE A CHANGE IN OUR THOUGHT PATTERNS OF RISK CALCULATION – OUR OPPOSITION TO TECHNOLOGY MUST GO BEYOND CURRENT TECHNOCRATIC DEBATES.**
 * SIMILARLY, CHANGES IN OUR RISK CALCULATION MUST ALSO INCLUDE STRONG INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS FOR REGULATION.**
 * RESHAPING THE AGENDA THIS WAY CREATES A HOT POTATO THAT POLITICIZES THE ENTIRE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ORDER.**
 * OUR CHOICES FOR COMPUTER DISPOSAL WILL SET THE RULES FOR THE FUTURE DIGITAL ECONOMY.**
 * THE PLAN’S ASSISTANCE IS KEY TO RECOGNIZE THE DAMAGE CAUSED BY OUR INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY.**
 * LEAD EXPOSURE IS THE CORE OF PUBLIC HEALTH PREDICTABILITY AND EDUATION.**