Greenhlll+HS+-+Bryant+Huang+&+Hayden+Schottlander+aff

Affirmative Round 7 vs. Chattahoochee KM:
New Somaliland affirmative -- advantages = disease, terrorism, and Horn of Africa War

NEW AFF: Contention 1: Inherency Small arms proliferation is a growing public health epidemic – it regulates a direct vector, limits the overall effectiveness of health infrastructure and is a major impediment to the provision of disease treatment Cukier 2. (Wendy, Coordinator @ Small Arms / Firearms Education and Research Network “Small Arms and Light Weapons: A Public Health Approach” The Brown Journal of World Affairs) The public health approach to the problem of small arms provides a useful conceptual framework for developing “fact-based” The World Health Assembly recently declared violence a global health problem WHO 1. http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/publications/violence/small_arms/en/index.html Violence is not simply a social ill or a The United States is by far the largest exporter of small arms – their objective is one of violent intervention under the ruse of regional stability Rich 99 (Anna, Researcher @ Arms Sales Monitoring Project of the Federation of American Scientists, http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Pentagon_military/USArmsExports_World.html) As the end of the millennium approaches, the United States is doing well, globally speaking-acting as economic exemplar, West Africa is a hotspot for small arms activity Stohl 4. (Rachel, Senior Analyst @ CDI, http://www.cdi.org/friendlyversion/printversion.cfm?documentID=2225) The number of small arms in West Africa is estimated Contention 2: Violence SALW makes war an end in itself – it is no longer a geopolitical concern but violence for the purpose of violence Musah 1. (Abdel-Fatau, Conflict Prevention Advisor @ ECOWAS, http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/idep/unpan002406.pdf) The so-called civil wars, fuelled by SALW, are sickening West Africa spills over Stohl 4. (Rachel, Senior Analyst @ CDI, http://www.cdi.org/friendlyversion/printversion.cfm?documentID=2225) I want to end by stating that the dangers The proliferation of small weapons has militarized society - - they ensure the gravest atrocities known to man Louise 95 (Christopher, Researcher @ International Alert, http://www.jha.ac/articles/a004.htm  ) Many societies are becoming increasingly Small arms transform local conflicts into catastrophic wars and have incalculable effects on the region IANSA 2. (Int’l Action Network on Small Arms http://www.iansa.org/regions/wafrica/waansa.htm ) The proliferation, easy access and misuse And the plan is critical to stopping conflicts including the United States – arms are a circular trade that result in violence against U.S. troops in future wars Hillier and Wood 3. (Debbie, Policy Advisor on Small Arms for OXFAM; Brian, Consultant to UN Group of Gov’t Experts on Small Arms http://www.oxfam.org/en/files/pp031009_arms_report.pdf/download) Forging and funding military allegiances purely on And our impact must be prioritized – it is a systemic killing of 6 million in the past 50 years and is the largest source of violence Calhoun 1. (Herbert, Senior Foreign Affairs specialist, Deputy office director bureau of political-military affairs @ US Dept. of State http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itps/0601/ijpe/pj62calhoun.htm) Since the end of the Cold War, interest Small arms are what enable qualms in the Sierra Leone to become violent and deadly – diplomatic transformation is possible only with their destruction OXFAM 6. http://www.oxfam.org/en/policy/briefingnotes/doc_controlarms_sierraleone_060109 Fighting began in Sierra Leone in March 1991, And small arms destruction is crucial to maintaining stability in Liberia IANSA 3. http://www.iansa.org/media/liberiapr_140803.htm.htm As developments toward restoring And state collapse in these two countries alone would destabilize the entire region and throw it into violent chaos Docking 2. (Timothy, Program Officer in Researching and Studies Program, Specialist on African Affairs @ United States Institute of Peace, PhD in political science, http://www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/sr81.html) The working group agreed that underlying Culminates in nuclear war Deutsch, 2 (Dr. Jeffrey, phd in economics and Contributing Editor for Russian Politics, November 18, http://www.rabidtigers.com/rtn/newsletterv2n9.html ) The Rabid Tiger Project believes that  a nuclear war is most Contention 2: U.S. African Relations A. War on Terrorism Terrorism in Africa is on the rise Lyman & Morrison 4. (Princeton, Former U.S. ambassador to S. Africa & Nigeria; J. Stephen Morrison, Director of Africa Program @ CSIS http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20040101faessay83108/princeton-n-lyman-j-stephen-morrison/the-terrorist-threat-in-africa.html) At the same time, however, Unchecked small arms in Africa permit global terrorism Stohl 4. (Rachel, Senior Analyst @ CDI, http://www.cdi.org/friendlyversion/printversion.cfm?documentID=2225 Controlling the flow of small  Relations key to curb global terrorism  Johnson 6. (Gregory, Retired U.S. Navy Admiral, http://forums.csis.org/africa/?p=8)  The long war can be won. But to facilitate  And U.S. cooperation with Nigeria over small arms key to regional stability  Docking 2. (Timothy, Program Officer in Researching and Studies Program, Specialist on African Affairs @ United States Institute of Peace, PhD in political science, http://www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/sr81.html)  Nowhere in West Africa is stability   Improving U.S. – Nigerian relations key to broader African success in democratization, rule of law and war on terror  Booker & Minter 3. (Salih, Executive Director @ Africa Action, William, Senior Research Fellow @ Africa Action, http://www.africaaction.org/resources/docs/nig20033.htm) Nigeria, Africa's most populous nation, Extinction Alexander, Director of the Inter-University for Terrorism Studies, 2003 (Yonah, “Terrorism Myths and Realities,” Washington Times, August 28, Lexis) Last week's brutal suicide bombings in Baghdad Decrease in small arms conflict in Africa ensures less incentive for U.S. intervention in the region Bond 2. (Gregory, Lt. Col USMC http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA403970&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf) With the end of the Cold War came the proliferation Plan: The United States federal government should provide small arms disarmament and destruction support to topically designated areas in West Africa. Stockpile destruction is the most important asset – African countries cannot afford to purchase modern weaponry Stohl 7. (Rachel, Senior Analyst @ CDI, //The Small Arms Trade// pg. 131) U.S. destruction policies will drastically limit the number of unaccounted small arms in the region Stohl 4. (Rachel, Senior Analyst @ CDI, http://www.cdi.org/friendlyversion/printversion.cfm?documentID=2225 ) First, Congress should legislate a    U.S. action is crucial to stemming the small arms pandemic and improving U.S. African Relations – as the world’s largest supplier they have the most leverage and potential. International actor counterplans have become just an excuse for the U.S. to support its gun lobbies Hartung & Moix 2k (William, President’s Fellow @ World Policy Institute, Director @ Arms Trade Resource Center, Magna Cum Laude at Columbia; Bridget, Conflict Resolution @ Columbia http://www.worldpolicy.org/projects/arms/reports/congo.htm#congo  ) As the world’s last remaining superpower – and its leading US action crucial – international actors are taking up the issue now but are failing without US resources and clout Laurance 98. (Edward, PhD, Monterey Institute of International Studies, http://www.cdi.org/adm/1216/Laurance.html ) Well,the United States still continues to export Local experts conclude that weapon removal in West Africa would cease conflict and internal moratoriums are laughable Stohl and Smith 99. (Rachel & Col. Dan (Ret.), CDI http://www.cdi.org/issues/failedstates/march99.html ) Sierra Leone represents a disturbing trend in West Africa


 * CONGO AFF**

TEXT: THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD INCREASE SUPPORT TO THE CONGO BASIN TO ENACT SUSTAINABLE USE REGULATIONS CONCERNING THE CONSUMPTION OF WILDLIFE.

OBSERVATION 1: PUBLIC HEALTH UNREGULATED WILDLIFE CONSUMPTION REPRESENTS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT THREATS TO GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH BBC 3/19/04 Hunting for…facing humanity”.

CONTENTION 2: EBOLA EBOLA WILL SPREAD QUICKLY AND RISK MASS CASUALTIES Bibric 2001 http://www.ssn.flinders.edu.au/global/glob1002/200book/post-globalisationfurture%20scenarios%20of%20people%20movement.htm Throughout history…a potential reality.

THE RISK OF EBOLA MUTATION AND AIRBORNE SPREAD IS HIGH Quayle 99 ([|http://survivalproperty.com/secure_home.htm)] They also discovered…on the horizon.

WILDLIFE CONSUMPTION MAKES AIRBORNE MUTATIONS INEVITABLE COOK 7/17/03 http://epw.senate.gov/108th/Cook_071703.htm Restrict the trade…exploit new hosts. UNCHECKED BUSHMEAT CONSUMPTION MAKES EBOLA SPREAD AND EXTINCTION INEVITABLE Stambakio, 12/4/07 http://drugweblog.com/pub/zoonosis.html Those enemies are everywhere…incurable diseases occur. AIRBORNE EBOLA SPREAD WOULD WIPE OUT THE WORLD IN SIX WEEKS Preston, 2001 (The Hot Zone) In reality, Ebola…forth between them. CENTRAL AFRICA IS THE KEY STARTING POINT FOR EBOLA – IT IS THE LOCATION OF THE MOST RECENT OUTBREAKS AND IS AN IDEAL LOCATION FOR DISEASES TO SPREAD Bownman, 2003 ([|http://www.theglobeandmail.comservlet/ArticleNews/TPStory/LAC/20030707/COAPES07/TPComment/TopStories)] The bush-meat crisis…before symptoms emerge.

CONTENTION 3: GREAT APES THE EXPLODING RATE OF CENTRAL AFRICAN BUSHMEAT CONSUMPTION WILL DECIMATE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY—FOREIGN ASSISTANCE CRUCIAL TO STOP THE PROBLEM Agnagna, 7/11/02 (FDCH) The bushmeat trade…would be most welcome. WE ARE CURRENTLY AT THE TIPPING POINT – CONTINUED ILLEGAL TRADE MAKES SPECIES EXTINCTION INEVITABLE McMurray, 3/5/8 ([|http://www.state.gov/g/oes/rls/rm/101794.htm)] All of this…new “blood diamonds”. AND A VIABLE POPULATION OF GREAT APES IS CRITICAL TO DEVELOP A CURE FOR ALZHEIMERS Daily Telegraph, 3/6/06 Prof Blakemore and…in stroke rehabilitation. FAILURE TO FIND A CURE FOR ALZHEIMERS WILL RESULTS IN MILLIONS OF DEATHS PER YEAR – THIS IS SYSTEMIC IMPACT THAT WILL CLAIM 10 MILLION LIVES FROM THE BABY BOOMERS GENERATION ALONE Reinberg, HealthDay Reporter, 3/18/08 ([|http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=87910)] An estimated 10…decades”, he added. SUSTAINABLE USE REGULATIONS ARE CRITCAL TO PROTECT GREAT APES AND OTHER CRITICALLY ENDANGERED SPECIES New Scientist, 2003 (“Hopes for Sustainable Bush Meat Hunting”) Sustainable ways of…hunts for bush meat. GREAT APES ARE UNIQUELY VULNERABLE AND WILL BE EXTINCT IN UNDER 20 YEARS UNLESS BUSHMEAT CONSUMPTION IS BROUGHT UNDER CONTROL Clarke, 2003 (findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1594/is_2_14/ai_98469931/print) In forests throughout…Eves says. GREAT APE EXTINCTION WILL END ALL LIFE ON THE PLANET VOA News, 2003 Ian Redman…to their survival.

CONTENTION 4: SOLVENCY US INVESTMENT IN AFRICAN CONSERVATION CAPCITY IS THE ONLY WAY TO SOLVE Lapham, 2004 (CSIS “Rising US Stakes in Africa”) US foreign policy…to sustainable use. US ASSISTANCE IS NECESSARY TO CEMENT GLOBAL COOPERATION Eves, 2007 (30 Environs Envtl. L & Pol’y J 245) Recently across Central…a global partnership. US ASSISTANCE IS CRITICAL TO DEVELOP REGULATIONS THAT ADDRESS CROSS-STATE AND INTERSTATE TRAFFICKING – WE HAVE AN OVERWHELMING COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE IN THIS AREA OVER OTHER COUNTRIES Kazmar, 2000 (6 UC Davis J International Law and Policy 105) Despite the appearance…of follow-through. PROMOTION OF PROTECTED AREAS AND SUSTAINABLE USE REGULATIONSA RE THE ONLY VIABLE LONG TERM SOLUTION TO THE BUSHMEAT CRISIS THAT DOESN’T ENGANGER FOOD SECURITY AND INSPIRE RESENTMENT World Wildlife Foundation 2007 (www.panda.org/about_wwf/where_we_work/africa/problems/bushmeat/index.cfm) The use of wild…could be identified.

CONTENTION 5: AID NOW US RECENTLY INCREASED AID TO THE CONGO BY OVER 100 MILLION AFP, 3/17 ([|http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5h_SPdwtJyl-0sL_1x8Mu5vN8uYsA)] The director of…dollars last year. US DRASTICALLY INCREASED FOREIGN AID TO AFRICA White House Press Release, Feb 2008 (whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2008/02/20080214-11.html) President and Mrs. Bush’s…billion since 2001.

=DISABILITIES AFF= Einat **Hurvitz**, LL.M. Candidate, August 2003, American University, Washington College of Law, **2003** (18 Am. U. Int'l L. Rev. 1189)
 * The current US foreign assistance regime __ignores__ the disabled---absence of clear Congressional mandate has pushed the disabled to the __periphery__ of our social and political consciousness**

Margaret **McElligott,** assistant managing editor of AllAfrica.com, 12/2/**03** (“Africa: Disabled People 'at Significantly Increased Risk' of HIV Infection” AllAfrica.com [|http://allafrica.com/stories/200312020521.html)]
 * In Sub-Saharan Africa, the disabled are at the very bottom of the social ladder---they are subjected to brutal sexual violence, skyrocketing disease incidence, and physical abuse, all while systematically ignored and pushed away by legal institutions**

Rebecca **Yeo**, Action on Disability and Development, August **2001** ([|http://www.chronicpoverty.org/pdfs/04Yeo.pdf)] Samuel R. **Bagenstos**, law at Harvard, April **2000** (86 Va. L. Rev. 397) Abby **Wilkerson**, Teacher at George Washington University, Disability, Sex Radicalism, and Political Agency, **2002** (National Women's Studies Association Journal. NWSA Journal 14.3 (2002) 33-57 [|http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/nwsa_journal/v014/14.3wilkerson.html )]
 * Despite the obvious signs of systematic abuse, the disabled are virtually __ignored__ by Western development efforts---poverty alleviation efforts proceed __business-as-usual__ without ever taking into account the group that is the __poorest and most excluded__--- this causes a spiral of despair and helplessness in which widespread poverty and exclusion are a virtual certainty**
 * How we think about those with disabilities is a litmus test for our conception of normalcy and otherness more broadly---the social construction of and discrimination against the disabled legitimizes a eugenic extermination of those who threaten our idea of what it means to be normal**
 * The construction of the __ideal body and mind__ that is posited against the disable contains within it the crucial component that sustains all prejudice and disenfranchisement---the aff stands in as a confrontation with broader social forms of violence **

Daniel J. **Wilson**, Cultural Locations of Disability, published October 8th, 20**06** ( [|http://muse.jhu.edu/search/pia.cgi?action=resort&search_id=220100484&numterms=5&include_jstor=&sort=rank&show=100 )
 * The conception of disability as deviant and unworthy of protection spans both governments and academia---the aesthetic lack contained within the disabled body motivates a politics based around extermination **

Bill **Hughes**, social policy at University of Glasgow, **2002** (__Disability Studies Today__, p. 60-2)
 * The eugenic gaze cast by the technologies of discipline that govern our relationship to disability culminates in the genocidal impulse---the institutional spaces of exclusion epitomized by current development efforts legitimizes state-sponsored racist violence**

Stuart **Elden**, politics at University of Warwick, **2002** (//Boundary 2// 29.2)
 * The medicalization of life and the biological degradation of certain segments of the species is the __root cause of conflict__---wars are fought and life is exterminated __not__ because of a particular sovereign geopolitical interest but because of the biopolitical commitment to eugenic violence**


 * Thus the plan: The United States federal government should create a Fund for Inclusion that substantially increases assistance to people with disabilities in topically-designated area.**

Arlene **Kanter** et al, law at Syracuse University, 9/9/**03** ([|http://www.ncd.gov/newsroom/publications/2003/pdf/foreign03.pdf)]
 * The creation of Funds for Inclusions promotes broad social openness to disability---foreign assistance which is specifically targeted at the disabled is essential to the cultivation of an ethical relationship with the disabled**

Einat **Hurvitz**, LL.M. Candidate, August 2003, American University, Washington College of Law, **2003** (18 Am. U. Int'l L. Rev. 1189)
 * Incorporating disability funding into the core of US public health assistance is a __powerful symbol__ against the medicalization and exclusion of the disabled---the plan establishes a new political and ethical framework that can enable a global shift towards openness**

Bill **Albert** et al, chair of the Norfolk Coalition of Disabled People and the International Sub-Committee of the British Council of Disabled People, July **2005** ([|http://www.disabilitykar.net/docs/thematic_main.doc)]
 * Explicit codification of the concept of disability assistance is key to effect an attitude shift within USAID and to galvanize human rights protections**

Bill **Albert** et al, chair of the Norfolk Coalition of Disabled People and the International Sub-Committee of the British Council of Disabled People, July **2005** ([|http://www.disabilitykar.net/docs/thematic_main.doc)]
 * Increased __visibility__ of USAID programs in Africa is necessary to effectively mainstream disability assistance---US programs are the __global leader__ in disability assistance and they are __best positioned__ to strengthen local support for disability protection**

Cheryl **McEwan and** Ruth **Butler**, human geography at Durham University and social research at University of Hull, **2007** (//Geography Compass// 1.3)
 * Increased levels of Sub-Saharan social spending to improve access for people with disabilities are __crucial__---budgetary limitations prevent adequate African state support for the disabled**

Robert **Metts**, economics at the University of Nevada, **2006** ([|http://www.ecomod.org/files/papers/181.pdf)]
 * Assistance that supports empowerment and inclusion programs can act as a catalyst that changes the __entire socio-economic system of disability__---the call for the plan serves as the springboard for sweeping changes in the way that society looks at disability**

Arlene **Kanter** et al, law at Syracuse University, 9/9/**03** ([|http://www.ncd.gov/newsroom/publications/2003/pdf/foreign03.pdf)]
 * The US has over 30 years of experience in implementing effective disabilities programs---the plan allows the US to exert global leadership on behalf of the disabled**

Amy T. **Wilson**, international development at Galludet University, **2005** (//American Annals of the Deaf// 150.3)
 * Increased American foreign assistance programs are the __only way__ to alleviate disenfranchisement and incorporate the disabled into African society**

Africa is the next front in the fight against terror
James Jay Carafano, Ph.D., Senior Research Fellow @ Heritage, 2003 (http://www.heritage.org/Research/Africa/bg1697.cfm) The U   nited S tates … in neighbouring Somalia.

The Horn of Africa is a crucial hotspot
Peter Brookes, Senior fellow – National Security Affairs @ Heritage, 2007 (http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/2007/05/2670146) Since the early … extremists and terrorists. Terrorism in Africa is real and immediate Thomas Dempsey, Director of African Studies @ U.S. Army War College, Apr/2006 (http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA446136&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf) Raising the Stakes: The Nuclear Dimension of the Terrorist Threat. The threat that … is the case.

Terrorists can access WMDs
CBS News, 2007 (http://www.cnsnews.com/ViewForeignBureaus.asp?Page=/ForeignBureaus/archive/200707/INT20070706a.html) With the "globalization" … unpredictable," he said.

They already have nukes
Joseph Farah, CEO – WorldNetDaily, 2005 (http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=45203) WASHINGTON – As London …  in the U.S.       The impact is extinction Mohamed Sid-Ahmed, Political Analyst @ Al-Ahram, 2004 (“Extinction!” http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm) We have reached …all be losers. == Lack of reciprocity in U.S. commitments towards Somaliland is __collapsing__ relations---a __substantial increase__ in public health aid is crucial to maintain Somaliland as an access point in efforts to decrease terrorist resentment   == Somaliland Times, 2006 (http://www.somalilandtimes.net/sl/2005/247/16.shtml) For over a decade …the US’s court.

Improving relations with Somaliland is the most effective way to prevent terrorism in the Greater Horn
Peter J. Schraeder, professor – Department of Political Science @ Loyola, 2006 (http://forums.csis.org/africa/?p=19) The U nited  St  ates  …unrecognized Somaliland authorities.

Engagement spurs regional cooperation
Dr. J. Peter Pham, Director of Nelson Institute for International and Public Affairs, 2007 (http://www.familysecuritymatters.org/global.php?id=1385868) Counterterrorism. As the … along the Gulf of Aden.

Somaliland is key to stabilizing Somalia
Somaliland Times, 2006 (http://www.somalilandtimes.net/sl/2005/247/16.shtml) What do we … number of scientists.”

Increasing health assistance is necessary to send a clear signal of support for Somaliland---the plan establishes the foundations for a sustainable alliance
Somaliland Times, 2007 (http://www.somalilandtimes.net/sl/2007/279/16.shtml) Let’s face it, … friendless among Somalis.

Only a U.S. commitment to public health improvements can restore its negotiation credibility and resolve conflicts
IGCC, 2007 (Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation, http://igcc.ucsd.edu/research/globalhealth/index.php) Global health diplomacy … and international cooperation.

The plan alleviates anti-Americanism
Kroessin, Research and Policy Unit-Islamic Relief, 2007 http://www.odihpn.org/report.asp?id=2890 In the public …poverty, remain unaided.

Somaliland lacks health capacity
ISCA, 2007 (International Save the Children Alliance, http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/fromthefield/SaveChAlli/ac0f05f5c7cd9c8379acf9592a9e36cd.htm) Save the Children … agencies and donors.

Improving health infrastructure in Somaliland is key to prevent the spread of communicable diseases
Mohamed Bali, Ph.D., Researcher and Analyst – African public health, Sept/2002 (//Maroodi-Jeex:// Somaliland alternative Newsletter, Occasional Papers, No. 3, http://storm.prohosting.com/~mbali/bali11.htm) Somaliland's population numbered ... from widespread malnutrition.

The terminal impact is extinction
South China Morning Post, 1/4/1996 Despite the importance … race," he said.