Dallas+Jesuit+OG+-+Sean+O’Brien+&+Rich+Graham+aff

=New Child Soldiers Aff - Round 3 vs. College Prep=
 * Contention 1: Wrong Kid Died**

[Waltraud Queiser, Girl Child Soldiers: The Other Face of Sexual Exploitation and Gender Violence, Air Space and Power Journal, http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/apjinternational/apj-s/2008/1tri08/moraleseng.htm] RG [Forgotten Casualities of War: Girls in Armed Conflict” http://www.rb.se/NR/rdonlyres/C0A44378-E6CE-4C74-9EF5-535E673B8FD1/0/GirlsandConflictForgottencasualtiesofwar.pdf] RG
 * Currently the United States funds Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration programs for Child Soldiers in Africa. However, these inadequately funded programs target boys, completely excluding girl child soldiers from the DDR process. Since girls are not able to participate in the DDR process, they are left with two equally devastating choices: either become a child soldier again or face rejection by their community if they return without DDR**
 * Morales, March 20th 2008**
 * Moreover, while girl child soldiers make up 40% of the armed groups, funding cuts limit access to DDR programs for girls—Sierra Leone proves**
 * Save the Children, 2005**

[TEAM MEETING on Girl Mothers In Fighting Forces And Their Children in Northern Uganda and Sierra Leone/Liberia: Action Research to Assess and Improve their Situations (October 2 to 10, 2006), http://209.85.165.104/search?q=cache:yYAVtpN3nB0J:uwacadweb.uwyo.edu/MCKAY/Documents/Bellagio%25202006%2520Narrative.pdf+rockefeller+foundation+action+research+to+assess+and+improve+their+situation+child+soldiers&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us] RG
 * Lack of systematic attention to girl soldiers’ experiences replicates the sexual violence experienced during war time and perpetuates stigmatization of girl child soldiers damning them to health problems resulting in death.**
 * The Rockefeller Foundation, 2006**
 * Sexual violence results in physical, psychological and social damage with acute, chronic, and even fatal implications. March et al __Global Public Health__  June**

[TEAM MEETING on Girl Mothers In Fighting Forces And Their Children in Northern Uganda and Sierra Leone/Liberia: Action Research to Assess and Improve their Situations (October 2 to 10, 2006), http://209.85.165.104/search?q=cache:yYAVtpN3nB0J:uwacadweb.uwyo.edu/MCKAY/Documents/Bellagio%25202006%2520Narrative.pdf+rockefeller+foundation+action+research+to+assess+and+improve+their+situation+child+soldiers&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us] RG Shannon **McManimon**, American Friends Service Committee, INTERHEMISPHERIC RESOURCE CENTER and INSTITUTE FOR POLICY STUDIES, Vol. 4, No. 27 • November **1999**, [ Use of Children as Soldiers, http://www.fpif.org/pdf/vol4/27ifkids.pdf] RG
 * Contention 2: The United States’ Failure**
 * Existing US foreign policy ignores girls’ involvement in conflicts in Africa. Underrepresentation in formal DDR exercises prioritizes ‘giving up the guns’ and perpetuates sexism.**
 * The Rockefeller Foundation, 2006**
 * US** **foreign policy approach to girl child soldiers is a microcosm of the larger problem with US foreign policy---the lax response to reintegration and focus on security serves as a patriarchal glorification of warfare.**
 * This makes wars and destruction inevitable—**
 * Tickner, Prof IR @ Usc 1992 (Ann, Gender in International Relations: A Feminist Perspective on Global Security, pg. 36-7**
 * In his Politics…glorification of war**
 * The United States federal government should increase its health assistance to facilitate the reintegration of girls associated with armed groups into Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration programs in topically designated areas in Africa.**
 * Contention 3: The Solution to the Problem in the Solution**
 * Creating targeted funding at health programs for the reintegration of girls is crucial to advance gender equality and meet the needs of the girls**
 * Save the Children 2005 ‘forgotten casualties of war: girls in armed conflict”**

GRACE GRALL AKALLO,  SPOKESPERSON AFFILIATION: WORLD VISION, former child soldier, congressional Testimony 4-26-0  6 
 * And US response is critical. The United States possess the most resources and the ability to create international coalitions**
 * US** **action is key—we have the most resources and can generate an international response**
 * Public Health approaches in DDR assist in addressing diseases**
 * __UN Inter-Agency Working Group on DDR__** August **__2006__** (Health and DDR 5.70 http://www.unddr.org/iddrs/05/70.php#6)

= = =TOC Monetization= Contention One: My Coffers are Empty [|Megan] [|**Tady**], [|In These Times]. Posted [|September 18,] [|**2007**]**. (**Why U.S. Food Aid Benefits Big Business and Not Starving People, [|http://www.alternet.org/workplace/62543/)] Sarah **__Lowder__** **__and__** Terri **__Raney__**, The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, June **__2005__** (Food Aid: A Primer, ESA Working Paper No. 05-05, [|http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:P_pNjHoM0YwJ:ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/008/ae878e/ae878e00.pdf+GAO+food+aid+monetization+NGOs&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=14&gl=us)]
 * The US is the largest provider of food aid in the world**
 * And third of all United States food aid is monetized, or sold to generate cash for public health projects.**

However this increase of monetization has not been monitored by the U.S., this has prevented an accurate data of the funds that are supposed to be spent on public health projects.
 * __GAO__** Presentation **__2007__** International Food Aid Conference (Various Challenges Impede the Efficiency and Effectiveness of U.S. Food Aid, [|http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:xg5siYOqAkoJ:www.fsa.usda.gov/Internet/FSA_File/ifac_gao_070417.pps+monitoring+monetization+of+food+aid&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=us)]

Contention Two: Where’d All the Food GO? Food prices have recently skyrocket causing food riots in Africa contributing to massive food insecurity – at the root of these problems lies that fact that international organizations do not have the necessary funds to respond to this emergency VIVIENNE **__WALT__** Wednesday, Feb. 27, **__2008__** (The World's Growing Food-Price Crisis, [|http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1717572-1,00.html)] The Aff’s effective change in monetization means that funds can be better harnessed and food security better addressed and reducing costs of NGO’s – this is key to free up money in this rising food crisis. Christopher B. **__Barrett__**, February **__2007__** (The United States’ International Food Assistance Programs: Issues and Options for the 2007 Farm Bill, [|http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:Z5DUN6E5rbIJ:aem.cornell.edu/faculty_sites/cbb2/Papers/US%2520International%2520Food%2520Assistance%2520Programs%2520%26%25202007%2520Farm%2520Bill%2520Feb%25202007.pdf+GAO+food+aid+monetization+NGOs&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=18&gl=us )] And monitored monetization targeted at aiding farmers rather than NGO pet projects is key to address food insecurity – only when funds are fully harnessed can we combat skyrocketing food prices
 * Text: The United States federal government should substantially increase health assistance by monitoring monetization of food aid directed at topically designated countries requiring that funds from food aid monetization be spent on relevant public health assistance programs in topically designated areas. We’ll clarify.**
 * __World Vision__** **__2008__** (2008 World Vision Inc, Food Aid | FAQs, [|http://www.worldvision.org/worldvision/wvususfo.nsf/stable/globalissues_foodaid_FAQ)]

__Worldwide food prices have risen sharpl__y… food supply mechanisms. And this is not all, this food insecurity also results in a reliance on rash land absorbing methods to try and generate food resulting in massive African deforestation. **And, this african deforestation causes planetary extinction ** Gary **__Strieker__**, Cable News Network, Http://www.cnn.com/, 2/21/**__2000__** T __here have been … endangered species face certain extinction if destruction on this scale continues.__
 * Failure to act now to counter these riots has two impacts:**
 * First: This food insecurity fueled by these rising prices kills billions**
 * __The Peoples Voice__,** Jan. 1 **__2008__** (// CarolynBaker, “ //SEVERE FOOD SHORTAGES, PRICE SPIKES THREATEN WORLD POPULATION” [|**//http://www.thepeoplesvoice.org/cgi-bin/blogs/voices.php/2008/01/09/p22451//**])

VIVIENNE **__WALT__** Wednesday, Feb. 27, **__2008__** (The World's Growing Food-Price Crisis, [|http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1717572-1,00.html)] __Rocketing food prices__ … __leaving around 20 people dead__. __The African Studies Centre et al 2K3__ (The Transnational Institute, The Center of Social Studies, Coimbra University, and The Peace Research Center – CIP-FUHEM, “Failed and Collapsed States in the International System,” December, found at: [|http://www.globalpolicy.org/nations/sovereign/failed/2003/12failedcollapsedstates.pdf)]
 * Second:**
 * Continued food riots result in African instability**
 * And this state failure leads to massive destabilizing migrations, contagious disease spread and proliferation to terrorists and rogue nations culminating in nuclear war**

__In the malign scenario__ … - __could be faced with direct attacks on their national security.__ Contention Three: Solvency First, Monetization revenues can be used to provide public health services – this will address chronic food insecurity In nonemergency situations, … need for food aid interventions
 * __GAO__** April **__2007__** (Various Challenges Impede the Efficiency and Effectiveness of U.S. Food Aid, GAO Report to the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, U.S. Senate, [|http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:qyNK-SzAZKcJ:www.gao.gov/new.items/d07560.pdf+GAO+food+aid+monetization+NGOs&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=5&gl=us#48 )]

Only the United States can do the plan – it’s the only nation that monetizes its food aid – all other countries only give cash [|Megan] [|**Tady**], National Political Reporter for InTheseTimes.com September 12, **__2007__** (Who Does U.S. Food Aid Benefit?, [|http://www.inthesetimes.com/article/3342/who_does_us_food_aid_benefit/)] __Unlike most countries … on giving in-kind donations__.

And the plans monitoring of revenue is key because current monetization funds can be used on anything – the plan is key to guarantee an increase of US sponsored public health. Barry **__Riley__**, under contract to Abt Associates Inc. December **__2002__** (The Uses of Food Aid in Support of IEHA Objectives, PCE-I-00-99-00033-00 (Order No. 5) [|http://www.abtassociates.com/reports/theusesoffoodaidinsupportofiehaobjectives.pdf)]

Title II __monetization proceeds … And many others__ David **__Beckmann__** The Christian Century Magazine Chicago, IL April 22, **__2008__** (Food fight How international aid fails the poor, [|http://www.bread.org/press-room/news/food-fight.html)]
 * And only when monetization is monitored can the U.S. enhance food security – the process is key to building local knowledge for sustainable food security in the future **

__When NGOs face obstacles in … sustainability of farmlands and helping farmers build and maintain commercial cooperatives.__

And, Effective monitoring of monetization prevents corruption and distortion which is key to increasing money spent on public health
 * __G-20 Committee on Agriculture__** 19 May **__2006__** (G-20 COMMENTS ON FOOD AID, [|http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:bsOJvdwZUgcJ:www.agtradepolicy.org/output/resource/G-20_Food_Aid_19May06.pdf+monitoring+monetization+of+food+aid&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=5&gl=us)]

= = =ABSTINENCE ONLY=
 * Contention One: The US promotes a bad AIDS cocktail **
 * The United States policies on AIDS prevention under the Bush administration have shifted from a comprehensive approach to AIDS prevention to one focused exclusively on abstinence only prevention programs. This shift reflect the savior mentality embraced by the Bush administration in its dealings with Africa. **
 * Gill __Body Count: Fixing the Blame for the Global AIDS Catastrophe__ 2006 pg. 31-34 **
 * Additionally, this shift to abstinence only programs resulted in billions of dollars sent to Africa. Despite the vast sums of money spent allegedly to prevent AIDS, by every measure abstinence only programs fail. **
 * Additionally, by shifting to abstinence only programs the US embarked on an international moral crusade that only has added more death to the AIDS body count. **
 * Epstein __The Invisible Cure: Africa, the West, and the fight against AIDS__ 2007 **
 * Pg 186-87 **
 * Specifically we identify several ways US abstinence only policies lead to more HIV infections. **
 * First, governments and in-country groups receiving US aid are forced to make budget decisions that cut condom programs in favor of abstinence programs. These cuts have led to condom shortages in Africa **
 * Patterson __The Politics of AIDS of Africa__ 2006 pg. 154-55 **
 * Even if condom shortages can be addressed, US abstinence policies send a mixed message to Africans about the utility of condoms to prevent HIV infections. This mixed message undercuts other effective prevention programs. **
 * Human Rights Watch 2005 “the less they know, the better: abstinence only hiv/aids programs in Uganda” **[|**http://hrw.org/reports/2005/uganda0305/index.htm**]
 * “the recent shift toward abstinence was reversing…” **
 * Second, abstinence only programs withhold comprehensive prevention information from people while telling them that they have been given complete information. Lack of information puts more people in Africa at risk of infection **
 * Human Rights Watch 2005 “the less they know, the better: abstinence only hiv/aids programs in Uganda” **[|**http://hrw.org/reports/2005/uganda0305/index.htm**]
 * “us officials systematically ignore..” **
 * Third, US backed abstinence only projects focuses on abstinence before marriage and only provides condoms to what the US deems as ‘high risk populations’. This focus excludes married women despite the reality that married women as a group are more at risk of HIV infection than other population groups the Bush administration calls high risk. **
 * Center for Health and Gender Equity 2004 “debunking the myths in the US global AIDS strategy: an evidence-based analysis” **[|**http://www.genderhealth.org/pubs/AIDS5-YearStratAnalysisMar-04.pdf**]
 * “in emphasizing” **
 * Fourth, US backed abstinence only policies promote so-called moral values that stigmatize people living with HIV and AIDS. This stigmatization leads to lack of treatment and more infections leading to more deaths from AIDS that goes untreated. **
 * Human Rights Watch 2005 “the less they know, the better: abstinence only hiv/aids programs in Uganda” **[|**http://hrw.org/reports/2005/uganda0305/index.htm**]
 * This stigmatization has a separate impact---this categorical exclusion justifies extermination of the other—this is the root of all wars **
 * Fasching 1993 “the internal social dynamic through which its symbolic” **
 * The continued spread of HIV infection that results from flawed US interventions means other status quo programs to treat AIDS patients will be swamped by new infections. Continued infections set the stage for the collapse of Africa in all areas. **
 * Behrman __The Invisible People: how the United States has slept through the global AIDS pandemic, the greatest humanitarian catastrophe of our time__ 2004 xi-xii **
 * Additionally, Sub-Saharan Africa is at greatest risk of food insecurity and famine **
 * De Waal __AIDS and Power: Why there is no Political crisis—yet__ 2006 pg 90-91 **
 * Famine unnecessary must take every step **
 * Abadale 07 **
 * “12 billion people in total could be fed…” **
 * Thus we offer the following plan: **
 * The United States federal government should legislatively enact S.1553. Funding and enforcement guranteed. **
 * Contention 2: Solvency **
 * S.155s repeals of the sections of the United States Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria Act will eliminate that require prevention funds be spent on abstinence only programs **
 * S.1553, the actual bill, No date given **
 * Now is the key time for US policy to change –public policy decisions made now have significant importance on the future of HIV prevention **
 * Center for Health and Gender Equity 2004 “debunking the myths in the US global AIDS strategy: an evidence-based analysis” **[|**http://www.genderhealth.org/pubs/AIDS5-YearStratAnalysisMar-04.pdf**]
 * Repeal of abstinence only requirement necessary to allow African countries the flexibility needed to reach their most vulnerable populations and bring down HIV infection rates **
 * De Waal __AIDS and Power: Why there is no Political crisis—yet__ 2006 pg 120-121 **
 * Repeal of funding cap necessary to increase access and funding for prevention methods that work **
 * Center for Health and Gender Equity 2004 “debunking the myths in the US global AIDS strategy: an evidence-based analysis” **[|**http://www.genderhealth.org/pubs/AIDS5-YearStratAnalysisMar-04.pdf**]
 * Only increasing funding for effective comprehensive prevention strategies will work to draw down infection rates **
 * Center for Health and Gender Equity 2004 “debunking the myths in the US global AIDS strategy: an evidence-based analysis” **[|**http://www.genderhealth.org/pubs/AIDS5-YearStratAnalysisMar-04.pdf**]

(Raymond, __The United States in Africa: Bush Policy and Beyond__ tm) Abstinence only policy bad—need comprehensive approach including abstinence (Raymond, __The United States in Africa: Bush Policy and Beyond__ tm)
 * Policy leads to shortages **
 * COPSON, ** independent scholar specializing in African affairs and editor African Policy Forum, **2007**
 * COPSON, ** independent scholar specializing in African affairs and editor African Policy Forum, **2007**

=FOOD AID=

(Thomas, __foreign assistance—multiple challenges hinder the efficiency and effectiveness of US food aid__ October 2 [|http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d0883t.pdf accessed 1-25] ) (Thomas, __foreign assistance—multiple challenges hinder the efficiency and effectiveness of US food aid__ October 2 [|http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d0883t.pdf accessed 1-25] ) Statement of Gawain Kripke l/n) (Thomas, __foreign assistance—multiple challenges hinder the efficiency and effectiveness of US food aid__ October 2 [|http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d0883t.pdf accessed 1-25] )  [Smita, 44 Colum. J. Transnat'l L. 691, ARTICLE: The Right to Food: Holding Global Actors Accountable Under International Law, lexis] RG  [Laura, LL.M. in International Law at University of Westminster, ARTICLE: HUNGER AND INTERNATIONAL LAW: THE FAR-REACHING SCOPE OF THE HUMAN RIGHT TO FOOD, 22 Conn. J. Int'l L. 131, lexis nexis] RG  And, this Deforestation makes biodiversity loss, disease spread, and extinction inevitable  Leonard **__Doyle__**, August 17, **2007** (US Food Aid is ‘Wrecking’ Africa, Claims Charity. t [|he Independent/UK], [|http://www.commondreams.org/archive/2007/08/17/3224/ ) Infozine 6/26/07 [|www.infozine.com/news/stories/op/storiesView/sid/23736/] James K **Boyce**, Department of Economics & Political Economy Research and Environmental research at the University of Massachusetts, July **2004**, “A Future for Small Farms? Biodiversity and Sustainable Agriculture”. Political Economic Research Institute, ideap/wp86.html  James K **Boyce**, Department of Economics & Political Economy Research and Environmental research at the University of Massachusetts, July **2004**, “A Future for Small Farms? Biodiversity and Sustainable Agriculture”. Political Economic Research Institute, ideap/wp86.html (Cary and Pat, Authors of numerous books and reports on genetic diversity in agriculture, “Shattering: Food, Politics, and the Loss of Genetic Diversity”, p. ix) Statement of Gawain Kripke l/n) (**__US Fed News__** May 24, **__2007__** Thursday CHAIRMAN PAYNE ISSUES STATEMENT ON 'INTERNATIONAL FOOD AID PROGRAMS: OPTIONS TO ENHANCE EFFECTIVENES' l/n)  (Thomas, __foreign assistance—multiple challenges hinder the efficiency and effectiveness of US food aid__ October 2 [|http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d0883t.pdf accessed 1-25] )
 * Contention 1: Inherency **
 * The U.S. is the largest provider of food aid to Sub-Saharan Africa **
 * Melito, ** Direct or of International Trade and Affairs at GAO, 2007
 * 80% of US food aid goes to Sub-Saharan Africa **
 * Melito, ** Direct or of International Trade and Affairs at GAO, 2007
 * Current restrictions require the US government to purchase only US grown commodities to fulfill food aid requests. Donating commodities rather than cash limits effective humanitarian responses to sub-Saharan Africa **
 * Kripke, ** Senior Policy Advisor Oxfam America, **__2006__**
 * __ ( __**__ CQ Congressional Testimony, __ May 25, Food Aid, Committee on House International Relations Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights and International Operations
 * Contention 2: Advantages **
 * Advantages 1: Nutrition **
 * First, the requirement to purchase US commodities creates food aid that is not nutritious nor culturally appropriate resulting in malnutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa **
 * __ Food and Water Watch, November 2007 __** (U.S. Food Aid Serves Agribusiness, Not the Hungry, [|http://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/food/us-farmbill/FoodAid.pdf )
 * US food aid procurement requirements creates impediments to improving the nutritional quality of US food aid **
 * Melito, ** Direct or of International Trade and Affairs at GAO, 2007
 * Malnutrition amounts to 60% of annual deaths, exacerbates poverty, and spreads disease **
 * Narula, 2006 **
 * As a judge you have a moral imperative to nutrition **
 * Niada, 2006 **
 * Additionally, US policy results in more food insecurity in Africa. Despite being the largest food donor, inefficiencies from US commodity requirement reduce the overall availability of food in Sub-Saharan Africa particularly during the peak hungry season **
 * GAO, 2007 ( ** Foreign Assistance: Variuos Challenges impede the efficiency and effectiveness of us food aid” [|http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d07560.pdf )
 * Furthermore, this food insecurity compels people to destroy local environments in pursuit food – this guarantees deforestation **
 * Trudell 33 Syracuse J. Int’l L and Com. 277 2005 **
 * Unfortunately, current policies requiring US commodities delay food exacerbating food insecurity—only the flexibility of the plan improves food security during peak hungry seasons **
 * __ State Department Documents and Publications __** March 16, **__2007__** (Administration Seeks To Spend More Food Aid on Non-U.S. Products; Change would increase relief flexibility, USDA's Kennum says, l/n)
 * Advantage 2: Small Farms **
 * U.S. Buy America food aid policy crushes local food prices hurting local farmers. US cash for direct purchase of local and regional food increases access to food while also increases the profit for local farmers. **
 * __ Food and Water Watch, November 2007 __** (U.S. Food Aid Serves Agribusiness, Not the Hungry, [|http://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/food/us-farmbill/FoodAid.pdf )
 * And, the current U.S. Buy America Food aid policy creates subsidies for American farmers—failure to remove the provision results in a decrease in food aid to address hunger. Additionally, the subsidy hurts African farmers while delaying food to the most hungry. **
 * And, these subsides destroy millions of African small farms. **
 * These small farms are key to genetically diversified food--3 reasons **
 * Specifically these biodiverse foods grown by small farms is key to prevent extinction. **
 * Without biodiversity in crops, monoculture results in extinction. **
 * __ Fowler and Mooney 1990 __**
 * Text: ** ** The United States federal government should increase monetary assistance for food and nutrition aid to so called sub-Saharan Africa regardless of United States procurement restrictions. We’ll clarify. **
 * Contention 3: Solvency **
 * Giving cash solves current failures in US food aid – speed, price, and flexibility guarantee it is better than the status quo and is an increase in food aid. **
 * Kripke, ** Senior Policy Advisor Oxfam America, **__2006__**
 * __ ( __**__ CQ Congressional Testimony, __ May 25, Food Aid, Committee on House International Relations Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights and International Operations
 * And, the U.S. must act because they provide over half the food aid now – reform of current bad American policy is key. **
 * Payne **, Chair of Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Africa and Global Health, **2007**
 * Providing cash resources for the purchase of local food allows for accurately address complexities of food insecurity **
 * Melito, ** Direct or of International Trade and Affairs at GAO, 2007

Free Trade Advantage
Marian __Tupy and__ Christopher __Preble,__ policy analyst with the Center for Global Liberty and Prosperity and director of foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute, 6/17/__05__, __Reason Magazine__, “Trade, Not Aid.”)
 * Advantage two: Fair Trade not Free Trade **
 * Current US agriculture policies reinforce the global divisions of the world – regulating Africa to the global underclass – these policies benefit only the US – destroying the possibility of fair trade **
 * This decrease in free trade has be exasperated by the continued restriction on US food aid – an increase is cash donation is key to reduce concern about the current trade distorting impact of food aid. **
 * __ Kripke __**, Senior Policy Advisor Oxfam America, **__2006__** __(CQ Congressional Testimony,__ May 25, Food Aid, Committee on House International Relations Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights and International Operations Statement of Gawain Kripke l/n)
 * Current protectionism guarantees nuclear war **
 * Spicer 96 (sorry idk where the full sight is but I think you have this) **

(we will email you this cite once sean gets home)

 * And, current aid only creates a cycle of dependency – the plan is key to allows Africa to break away from this cycle facilitating fair trade. **
 * __ Shikwati __****, Director of the Inter Region Economic Network, __2K6__ (James, “The Economic Progress and Development Aid in East Africa: The Case of Kenya,” The 2nd International Turkish – African Congress, 12/12 – 12/13, **[|**http://www.irenkenya.com/downloads/articles/The_Economic_Progress_and_Development_Aid_in_East_Africa.pdf**]** ) **
 * Finally, the plan is uniquely key to satiated relations with other WTO members – absent increase of cash donations WTO member will continue in-fighting – guaranteeing protectionism **
 * __ Deutsche Presse-Agentur __**, December 14, **__2005__** (Ministers open second day of WTO talks amid transatlantic discord, l/n)