Meadows+KS+-+Bobby+Kim+&+Jeremy+Selesner+aff

New Affirmative Round 6 - Somaliland:
Plan: The United States Department of Defense should provide assistance to the Republic of Somaliland for improving sanitation and expanding access to safe water through the Combined Joint Task Force.

Contention 1 is Inherency

The US is currently providing millions of dollars in Aid to support the Transitional Federal Government in Somalia Knight, Director, Office for East Africa, Bureau of African Affairs (describing current US policy), 12/17/7 http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Features_34/U_S_Policy_in_the_Horn_of_Africa.shtml

I'll now turn to Somalia. The United ….-displaced persons and other vulnerable populations inside Somalia.

However, all this money is being wasted on a doomed political entity - In 1991, the Republic of Somaliland declared independence from greater Somalia and set up a functioning Democratic government that still lacks international recognition – The Department of Defense wants to expand Combined Joint Task Force-Horn of Africa operations into Somaliland, but is prohibited from doing so by the State Department – This policy prevents the US from forging ties with Somaliland to fight terrorism in the region

J. Peter PHAM, Director of the Nelson Institute for International and Public Affairs at James Madison University, Adjunct Fellow at the Foundation for the Defense of Democracies, and Vice President of the Association for the Study of the Middle East and Africa (ASMEA), DECEMBER 13TH, 2007 ["Somaliland: On the Road to Independent Statehood?," Family Security Matters, Available Online at http://www.familysecuritymatter s.org/ global.php?id=1385868, Accessed 12-13-2007]

Surely if America’s national commitment to support and ……. Command (AFRICOM) which will subsume it next year.

Contention 2 is Disease

Somaliland currently lack sufficient Public Health Infrastructure – 70,000 people are at risk of dying of Cholera in the status quo International Save The Children Alliance, 2007 ["Cholera outbreak in Somaliland, up to 70,000 at risk," Reuters, June 6th, Available Online at http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/fromthefield/SaveChAlli/ac0f05f5c7cd9c8379acf9592a9e36cd.htm, Accessed 11-28-2007]

Save the Children UK's Emergency … by international agencies and donors.

Public Health Assistance to improve sanitation and access to safe water would prevent the spread of communicable diseases Somaliland Times, 12/29/07

According to them, one major problem …action in the health and sanitation sector.

Contention Three is Relations

Somaliland is frustrated with the lack of reciprocity in their relationship with the US – Public Health Assistance is key to close the gap between rhetoric and reality, securing Somaliland's support for the war on terrorism. Somaliland Times, 2006 ["How long is the US going to take Somaliland for granted?," October 14th, Available Online via Lexis-Nexis] For over a decade now the US has been giving words...is in the US's court. For over a decade now the US …strengthen Somaliland's capacity to defeat terrorists.

Elevating Hard-line Counter-terrorism operations over support for democratic regimes in Somalia radicalizes Muslims and destroys support for the War on Terror

Washington Post, 2/22/08 U.S. Policy in Africa Faulted on Priorities: Security Is Stressed Over Democracy

In those countries, Bush's focus on …had ramifications across the region, especially in Ethiopia.

Scenario 1 is Nuclear Terrorism

The recent invasion by Ethiopia has temporarily put terrorists in Somalia on the defensive – However, they are currently coalescing in a way that will allow them to execute an international attack David Blair, 10-24-2007 (Writer for the Telegraph, “Al-Qa'eda target west from Horn of Africa,”, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/10/22/wqaeda122.xml) JMP

The Horn now ranks alongside the Middle …but also menace the world at large.

Somalia is the model for failed states that functions as a hub for Al’Qaeda to Thrive – These hubs will obtain nuclear weapons and use them against the US Dempsey, 6 (Thomas, Director of African Studies @ U.S. Army War College and served as a strategic intelligence analyst for Africa at the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and as Chief of Africa Branch for the Defense Intelligence Agency, Counterterrorism in African Failed States: Challenges and Potential Solutions, April, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub649.pdf)

Somalia: Nodes and Hubs since 9/11…. terrorist nodes in London, Cairo, and Madrid suggest that such is the case.

Terrorists have the capacity to acquire nuclear weapons – An attack would escalate into full-scale nuclear war Patrick F. Speice Jr., 2006 [Patrick F. Speice, Jr. is an associate in Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher's Washington, D.C. office. Mr. Speice currently practices in the firm’s International Trade Regulation and Compliance Department, focusing on export controls and economic sanctions compliance, and in the firm's Litigation Department. He earned his J.D. in 2006 from the Marshall-Wythe School of Law at the College of William & Mary, where he served as an Articles Editor for the William and Mary Law Review and as a Graduate Research Fellow. Mr. Speice earned a B.A. in political science cum laude in 2003 from Wake Forest University “Negligence and Nuclear Nonproliferation,” William & Mary Law Review, 47 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 1427, February]

Accordingly, there is a significant and ever-…and escalate to the use of nuclear weapons.

Terrorism outweighs nuclear war – deterrence makes asymmetrical attacks the Only likely impact scenario

Lt. Col. John Nagl, 2006 [military assistant to the deputy secretary of defense, Armed Forces Journal, New Forces for New Enemies, http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/2006/10/2088425

Events over the last two decades demonstrate … conventional war among nuclear powers is implausible.

Scenario 2 is Piracy

The lack of an effective government makes the waters off the coast Somalia the most likely place for Terrorists and Pirates attack global oil supplies

Simon Robinson, 2005 [Reporter for Time Magazine, Horror on the High Seas. By: Robinson, Simon, Elegant, Simon, Donnelly, Sally B., Rice, Xan, Time, 0040781X, 11/21/2005, Vol. 166, Issue 21, Academic Search Premier]

The Spirit's harrowing escape may … focus is not on piracy or maritime crime."

An attack on Oil supplies or a large port would collapse the global economy

Gal Luft, 2004 [Executive Director of the Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, Terrorism Goes to Sea. By: Luft, Gal, Korin, Anne, Foreign Affairs, 00157120, Nov/Dec2004, Vol. 83, Issue 6, Academic Search Premier]

Such experts, however, fail to realize that the …… simultaneously in multiple locations worldwide.

Economic decline leads to nuclear war Richard C. Cook, 6/14/07, Writer, Consultant, and Retired Federal Analyst – U.S. Treasury Department, "It's Official: The Crash of the U.S. Economy has begun," Global Research, http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=5964

Times of economic crisis …, how about a few nukes?

Political Recognition alone is counterproductive – Islamic forces in Somalia will destabilize the region while trying to force reunification – Conducting Public Health Assistance through the Combined Joint Task Force is critical to protecting the De Facto independence of Somaliland

Elizabeth Spiro Clark, 2006 [retired career Foreign Service Officer. She is a non-resident associate at the Institute for the Study of Diplomacy (ISD) at Georgetown University. During 1998-2000 she was a Visiting Fellow with the International Forum for Democratic Studies at the National Endowment for Democracy, Somaliland: A Democracy Under Threat, http://www.afsa.org/fsj/nov06/somaliland.pdf]

The Peace and Democracy Advantage

Even if the stars are not aligned for full … taken to subvert the Somaliland government.


 * Please Note – ICU is the Islamic Courts Union (a political faction in Southern Somalia)

Using both Security and Humanitarian rhetoric is critical to mobilize support for more Comprehensive programs Anthony Lake, 2006 Chair of the Task Force, is a Distinguished Professor in the Practice of Diplomacy in the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University. Dr. Lake served as National Security Adviser under President Bill Clinton. “MORE THAN HUMANITARIANISM: A STRATEGIC U.S. APPROACH TOWARD AFRICA”, Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.technoserve.org/documents/CouncilonForeignRelationspaperHumanitarianism.pdf ]

The Task Force finds that Africa is …deepening support within American society.

The 1AC’s rhetoric of Human Security is critical to shift away from overly militaristic policies Pádraig Carmody [lecturer in Geography, St. Patrick's College, Dublin City University. He received his Ph.D. in Geography from the University of Minnesota in 1998, “Transforming Globalization and Security: Africa and America Post–9/11”, Africa Today 52.1 (2005) 97-120, Project Muse]

Abstract Africa has traditionally had a … is having cosmopolitanism forced upon it.

The alternative creates an all-consuming Colonialistic West and an Angelic South that reentrenches ethnocentrism and create impossible expectations for the South to meet Pascal Bruckner, 1986 (Counts among the best-known French "nouveaux philosophes”, Académie Française Prix 2000 and Medici Prize 1995, The Tears of The White Man: Compassion as Contempt) An ethnologist praying for the … … in to a loathsome from of blackmail.

Meadows (All Teams) – Affirmative – USAMRU-K (Mutations Version) Text: The United States federal government should expand surveillance conducted by the United States Army Medical Research Unit Kenya by increasing the number of staff, collecting respiratory specimens from age-matched healthy controls, using multitasking diagnostic equipment, expanding the information systems for sample handling, performing tracheal cultures of birds, and conducting surveillance in school, military, and bird populations

Text: The United States federal government should expand surveillance conducted by the United States Army Medical Research Unit Kenya

Contention 1 is Pandemic Influenza

Current efforts in Asia have been successful, but have not been replicated in Sub-Saharan Africa – Inadequate surveillance increases the risk of a global pandemic Davis ’07 (Mike Davis is professor of history at the University of California, Irvine, and the author of The Monster at Our Door: The Global Threat of Avian Flu -- The Guardian (London) - February 7th – lexis) Just when most of us thought it was safe … or any genuine effort to develop a "world vaccine".

A study in October found a mutation that increases the risk of a Pandemic Laurance 10/6 (Jeremy, Health Editor, 2007, [|http://news.independent.co.uk/health/article3033350.ece)] The bird flu virus H5N1 has mutated into … in the last century – in 1918, 1957 and 1968 – and more are expected. said.

That kills a billion people Satish Chandra, Deputy National Security Advisor of India – Center for Strategic Decision Research, 2004 [Global Security: A broader Concept for the 21st Century, 5/7, http://www.csdr.org/2004book/chandra.htm] This scenario, …rate is estimated. <<>> If the possibility of the collapse … with mortality rates of 60 to 70 percent

And Kenya is key – Its location along key Bird Migration paths ensures interactions with Humans that increase the risk of mutation – Effective surveillance is key Wairagala Wakabi, 4/18/06 (AllAfrica news correspondent, East Africa: Bird Flu: the Full Scale of the Threat, [|http://allafrica.com/stories/200604180119.html)] THOUGH THE VIRUS THAT CAUSES … much negative environmental impact.

But even if H5N1 never mutates, it is inevitable that some strain of influenza will spark a pandemic, which would still kill millions – The US Army Medical Research Unit in Kenya provides surveillance to the entirety of sub-Saharan Africa – Surveillance is key to contain an outbreak before it goes global Homeland Security Council, 6/17/07 (National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza Implementation Plan One Year Summary, [|http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/pandemic-influenza-oneyear.html#international)] Although the visibility of avian …Lao People's Democratic Republic (Laos) and two in Cambodia.

Probability and magnitude mean that a pandemic would outweigh nuclear war and terrorism Edmonds & Palmore ’06 (Mark Edmonds is the Director of the Centre for Defence and International Security Studies @ the University of Lancaster; Julian Palmore - Department of Mathematics, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Both are the Editors-in-Chief of Defense and Security Analysis -- Defense and Security Analysis – June 1st – via Taylor & Francis and obtainable through google scholar) Four times a year we, as Editors of … a pandemic. There is no time to waste.

Contention Two is Bioweapons

They pose the greatest risk of extinction – Nuclear weapons are easier to control Ochs ’02 (Richard Ochs, ANALYST FOR THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS WORKING GROUP, July 9 2002 -- “BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS MUST BE ABOLISHED IMMEDIATELY” -- [|http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html)] Of all the weapons of mass destruction,…Human extinction is now possible.

Qualified authors prove that despite Technical difficulties and past failures, intense efforts by terrorists make a Bioterrorist Attack inevitable – There is motive, expertise and supply Clare Lopez, 2005 (Clare Lopez is/was: 1. Operations officer with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), serving domestically and abroad for 20 years in a variety of assignments, acquiring extensive expertise in counterintelligence, counternarcotics, and counterproliferation issues with a career regional focus on the former Soviet Union, Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkans.

2. Produced Technical Threat Assessments for U.S. Embassies at the Department of State, Bureau of Diplomatic Security, where she worked as a Senior Intelligence Analyst for Chugach Systems Integration

3. A strategic policy and intelligence expert with a focus on Middle East, homeland security, national defense, and counterterrorism issues at the intelligence summit

4. Executive Director of the Iran Policy Committee, a Washington, DC think tank, from 2005-2006

5. Senior Scientific Researcher at the Battelle Memorial Institute; a Senior Intelligence Analyst, Subject Matter Expert, and Program Manager at HawkEye Systems, LLC.;

“Defending the Homeland Against Bioweapons in the Hands of Terrorists”, Journal of Counterterrorism & Homeland Security International)

There are considerable technical difficulties …BW attack carries with it the threat of very high potential lethality.

The US is uniquely vulnerable to bio-weapon threat dude to poor training of military medical personnel Defeo, 06 (Joseph, Captain of the United States Navy, "Joint Medical Readiness: Are We Ready to Answer the WMD Threat?" March 15 http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA449697 p. 7) Having the right people … in any of the current training programs.

Training through real-world experience is crucial to creating a strong public health infrastructure that is capable of minimizing the casualties from a bioterrorist attack – Global surveillance programs provide an opportunity for this training Smolinski et al. 03 – Director of the Global Health and Security Initiative at Nuclear Threat Initiative [Marks. Smolinski (Former Senior Program Officer at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academics of Science and Epidemic Intelligence Officer for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Margaret A. Hamburg (Vice President for Biological Programs at Nuclear Threat Initiative), & Joshua Lederberg (Directs the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Informatics at The Rockefeller University) Editors, Board on Global Health at the institute of the National Academics, Microbial threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response, 3-18-2003, http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10636.html] As described earlier, surveillance of and … the workforce to provide both on-the-ground epidemiologic expertise and laboratory capability. <<>> The real-world information and skills … upper-level management positions.

The Kenya program provides unique real-world experience that can be acquired no where else Matt Coles, 2005 (CDC Foundation Program Officer, “Perspectives: On-the-Job Training for Disease Detectives in Kenya”, [|http://www.cdcfoundation.org/frontline/2005/kenya_disease_detectives.aspx)] As a health volunteer in the Peace Corps, … who share this passion.

Minimizing the death toll is crucial – large casualties ensures a US response that escalates to nuclear war. Conley ’03 (Lt Col Harry W. is chief of the Systems Analysis Branch, Directorate of Requirements, Headquarters Air Combat Command (ACC), Langley AFB, Virginia. Air & Space Power Journal - Spring 2003 -- [|http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/spr03/conley.html)] The number of American casualties suffered due … whatever promises had been made.”48

Contention Three is Solvency

The DOD just increased funding for the US Army Medical Research Unit in Kenya – No other country or organization has the experience of the staff working there and Kenya is key because it lies along the migratory bird paths into Africa

Institute of Medicine, 9/25/2007 (The Institute provides a vital service by working outside the framework of government to ensure scientifically informed analysis and independent guidance. The Institute provides unbiased, evidence-based, and authoritative information and advice concerning health and science policy to policy-makers, professionals, leaders in every sector of society, and the public at large. Our work is conducted by committees of volunteer scientists--leading national and international experts--who serve without compensation. Committees are carefully composed to assure the requisite expertise and to avoid bias or conflict of interest. Every report produced by our committees undergoes extensive review and evaluation by a group of external experts who are anonymous to the committee, and whose names are revealed only once the study is published. “Review of the DOD-GEIS influenza programs: Strengthening global surveillance and response”, The National Academies Press) In 1969 the U.S. Army Medical Research Unit Kenya (USAMRU-K), a special foreign activity … manage the storage and tracking of influenza (as well as all other) specimens.

Recent funding increases are insufficient to pay for new programs at the US Army Medical Research Unit in Kenya and force a decrease in operational effectiveness – More staff, Expansion of age-matched surveillance for school and military populations, tracheal cultures in Bird populations, and new multitasking diagnostic equipment are key to solving Institute of Medicine, 9/25/2007 (The Institute provides a vital service by working outside the framework of government to ensure scientifically informed analysis and independent guidance. The Institute provides unbiased, evidence-based, and authoritative information and advice concerning health and science policy to policy-makers, professionals, leaders in every sector of society, and the public at large. Our work is conducted by committees of volunteer scientists--leading national and international experts--who serve without compensation. Committees are carefully composed to assure the requisite expertise and to avoid bias or conflict of interest. Every report produced by our committees undergoes extensive review and evaluation by a group of external experts who are anonymous to the committee, and whose names are revealed only once the study is published. “Review of the DOD-GEIS influenza programs: Strengthening global surveillance and response”, The National Academies Press) MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING In developing avian influenza/pandemic influenza …equipment for respiratory diseases.

The US is key – It has unique expertise, the perception of its leadership in Disease Surveillance ensures information sharing, and deploying public health officials trains them to respond to a bioterror attack on the US CISET 1996 (An interagency Government working group on emerging infectious diseases was formed in December 1994 under the auspices of the National Science and Technology Council's Committee on International Science, Engineering, and Technology (CISET). Led by CDC, the Department of State, USAID, Food and Drug Administration, NIH, and the Department of Defense, the working group makes the following recommendations for action by the U.S. Government., “Global Microbial Threats in the 1990s,” [|http://clinton1.nara.gov/White_House/EOP/OSTP/CISET/html/exsum.html)] The modern world is a very small place; … to combat infectious diseases.

The alternative creates an all-consuming Colonialistic West and an Angelic South that reentrenches ethnocentrism and create impossible expectations for the South to meet Pascal Bruckner, 1986 (Counts among the best-known French "nouveaux philosophes”, Académie Française Prix 2000 and Medici Prize 1995, The Tears of The White Man: Compassion as Contempt) An ethnologist praying for the extermination of the … is to give in to a loathsome from of blackmail.

Disease Securitization mobilizes political action to solve disease and bioterrorism Enemark 05 (Dr. Christian Enemark is a Visiting Fellow of the John Curtin School of Medical Research at ANU where he serves as Deputy Director of the National Centre for Biosecurity.'INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY', The Nonproliferation Review, 12:1, 107 – 125. March 1st – via Taylor & Francis, which is usually obtainable through google scholar) In pursuing international cooperation, a threshold issue is how to … as a weapon of war or terror.5 <<>> Global networks assisted in …would far exceed that of SARS.

The DOD is critical – It has unique experience and unmatched existing infrastructure

Institute of Medicine, 2001 (The Institute provides a vital service by working outside the framework of government to ensure scientifically informed analysis and independent guidance. The Institute provides unbiased, evidence-based, and authoritative information and advice concerning health and science policy to policy-makers, professionals, leaders in every sector of society, and the public at large. Our work is conducted by committees of volunteer scientists--leading national and international experts--who serve without compensation. Committees are carefully composed to assure the requisite expertise and to avoid bias or conflict of interest. Every report produced by our committees undergoes extensive review and evaluation by a group of external experts who are anonymous to the committee, and whose names are revealed only once the study is published. “Perspectives on the Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System: A Program Review”, The National Academies Press, [|http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10203&page=29)]

Emerging infectious disease surveillance … and global interests alike.

Meadows (All Teams) – Affirmative – USAMRU-K – Regional Instability Version

Text: The United States federal government should expand surveillance conducted by the United States Army Medical Research Unit Kenya by increasing the number of staff, collecting respiratory specimens from age-matched healthy controls, using multitasking diagnostic equipment, expanding the information systems for sample handling, performing tracheal cultures of birds, and conducting surveillance in school, military, and bird populations

Text: The United States federal government should expand surveillance conducted by the United States Army Medical Research Unit Kenya

Contention 1 is Regional Instability Recent corruption and economic reforms in Kenya have created stability and economic growth driven primarily by the tourism sector US Bureau of African Affairs, 10/07/07 (State Department Documents and Publications, SECTION: STATE DEPARTMENT PRESS RELEASE, [|http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2962.htm)] POLITICAL CONDITIONS Since independence, … Africa Growth and Opportunity Act

And Kenya makes substantial investments in neighboring countries that fosters sustainable development for the entire region – Deterioration of the economy creates domino effect that destroys regional stability USAID, 2k [“USAID/Kenya: Integrated Strategic Plan, 2001-2005,” http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs /PDABU260.pdf] KENYA AND THE REGION Linchpin for regional trade and economic development … rapid growth on a sustainable basis.

A bird flu outbreak is inevitable in Kenya and the rest of East Africa due to its locations along migratory bird paths – Effective surveillance is key to prevent it from destroying the tourism industry which is crucial to the regions economy Wairagala Wakabi, 4/18/06 (AllAfrica news correspondent, East Africa: Bird Flu: the Full Scale of the Threat, [|http://allafrica.com/stories/200604180119.html)] THOUGH THE VIRUS THAT CAUSES bird flu … They would also cause much negative environmental impact.

Economic hardship in Kenya creates regional instability Milan Vesely, 2001 (Writer for African Business, [|http://www.allbusiness.com/government/943960-1.html)] The question haunting Uganda, Rwanda and … of a stone into an east African millpond.

And we realize that things are already bad in East Africa, but the positive influence of Kenya and the proposed Africom provide some semblance of stability – Multiple flashpoints in Sudan, Somalia and Ethiopia means that instability could spark a major regional war and more genocide Peter Brookes, 4/27/07 (Senior Fellow, National Security Affairs and Chung Ju-Yung Fellow for Policy Studies, Asian Studies Center at the Heritage Institute, “Horn Hotbed”, [|http://www.heritage.org/Press/Commentary/ed042707b.cfm)] Since the early 1990s, … especially in places such as the volatile Horn of Africa.

And Conflicts in East Africa escalate into global conflagration – Great powers intervene to protext shipping lanes Caroline B. Glick, 12/12/07 (the senior Middle East fellow at the Center for Security Policy in Washington, D.C., The Center for Security Policy is a non-profit, non-partisan national security organization that specializes in identifying policies, actions, and resource needs that are vital to American security and then ensures that such issues are the subject of both focused, principled examination and effective action by recognized policy experts, appropriate officials, opinion leaders, and the general public, “Condi's African holiday”, [|http://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/home.aspx?sid=56&categoryid=56&subcategoryid=90&newsid=11568)] The Horn of Africa is a dangerous and strategically vital place. Small wars, … it will renew its attacks in the south.

Contention Two is Bioweapons

They pose the greatest risk of extinction – Nuclear weapons are easier to control Ochs ’02 (Richard Ochs, ANALYST FOR THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS WORKING GROUP, July 9 2002 -- “BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS MUST BE ABOLISHED IMMEDIATELY” -- [|http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html)] Of all the weapons of mass destruction,…Human extinction is now possible.

Qualified authors prove that despite Technical difficulties and past failures, intense efforts by terrorists make a Bioterrorist Attack inevitable – There is motive, expertise and supply Clare Lopez, 2005 (Clare Lopez is/was:

1. Operations officer with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), serving domestically and abroad for 20 years in a variety of assignments, acquiring extensive expertise in counterintelligence, counternarcotics, and counterproliferation issues with a career regional focus on the former Soviet Union, Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkans.

2. Produced Technical Threat Assessments for U.S. Embassies at the Department of State, Bureau of Diplomatic Security, where she worked as a Senior Intelligence Analyst for Chugach Systems Integration

3. A strategic policy and intelligence expert with a focus on Middle East, homeland security, national defense, and counterterrorism issues at the intelligence summit

4. Executive Director of the Iran Policy Committee, a Washington, DC think tank, from 2005-2006

5. Senior Scientific Researcher at the Battelle Memorial Institute; a Senior Intelligence Analyst, Subject Matter Expert, and Program Manager at HawkEye Systems, LLC.;

“Defending the Homeland Against Bioweapons in the Hands of Terrorists”, Journal of Counterterrorism & Homeland Security International)

There are considerable technical difficulties …BW attack carries with it the threat of very high potential lethality.

The US is uniquely vulnerable to bio-weapon threat dude to poor training of military medical personnel Defeo, 06 (Joseph, Captain of the United States Navy, "Joint Medical Readiness: Are We Ready to Answer the WMD Threat?" March 15 http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA449697 p. 7) Having the right people … in any of the current training programs.

Training through real-world experience is crucial to creating a strong public health infrastructure that is capable of minimizing the casualties from a bioterrorist attack – Global surveillance programs provide an opportunity for this training Smolinski et al. 03 – Director of the Global Health and Security Initiative at Nuclear Threat Initiative [Marks. Smolinski (Former Senior Program Officer at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academics of Science and Epidemic Intelligence Officer for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Margaret A. Hamburg (Vice President for Biological Programs at Nuclear Threat Initiative), & Joshua Lederberg (Directs the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Informatics at The Rockefeller University) Editors, Board on Global Health at the institute of the National Academics, Microbial threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response, 3-18-2003, http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10636.html] As described earlier, surveillance of and … the workforce to provide both on-the-ground epidemiologic expertise and laboratory capability. <<>> The real-world information and skills … upper-level management positions.

The Kenya program provides unique real-world experience that can be acquired no where else Matt Coles, 2005 (CDC Foundation Program Officer, “Perspectives: On-the-Job Training for Disease Detectives in Kenya”, [|http://www.cdcfoundation.org/frontline/2005/kenya_disease_detectives.aspx)] As a health volunteer in the Peace Corps, … who share this passion.

Minimizing the death toll is crucial – large casualties ensures a US response that escalates to nuclear war. Conley ’03 (Lt Col Harry W. is chief of the Systems Analysis Branch, Directorate of Requirements, Headquarters Air Combat Command (ACC), Langley AFB, Virginia. Air & Space Power Journal - Spring 2003 -- [|http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/spr03/conley.html)] The number of American casualties suffered due … whatever promises had been made.”48

Contention Four is Solvency

The DOD just increased funding for the US Army Medical Research Unit in Kenya – No other country or organization has the experience of the staff working there and Kenya is key because it lies along the migratory bird paths into Africa Institute of Medicine, 9/25/2007 (The Institute provides a vital service by working outside the framework of government to ensure scientifically informed analysis and independent guidance. The Institute provides unbiased, evidence-based, and authoritative information and advice concerning health and science policy to policy-makers, professionals, leaders in every sector of society, and the public at large. Our work is conducted by committees of volunteer scientists--leading national and international experts--who serve without compensation. Committees are carefully composed to assure the requisite expertise and to avoid bias or conflict of interest. Every report produced by our committees undergoes extensive review and evaluation by a group of external experts who are anonymous to the committee, and whose names are revealed only once the study is published. “Review of the DOD-GEIS influenza programs: Strengthening global surveillance and response”, The National Academies Press)

In 1969 the U.S. Army Medical Research Unit Kenya (USAMRU-K), a special foreign activity … manage the storage and tracking of influenza (as well as all other) specimens.

Recent funding increases are insufficient to pay for new programs at the US Army Medical Research Unit in Kenya and force a decrease in operational effectiveness – More staff, Expansion of age-matched surveillance for school and military populations, tracheal cultures in Bird populations, and new multitasking diagnostic equipment are key to solving Institute of Medicine, 9/25/2007 (The Institute provides a vital service by working outside the framework of government to ensure scientifically informed analysis and independent guidance. The Institute provides unbiased, evidence-based, and authoritative information and advice concerning health and science policy to policy-makers, professionals, leaders in every sector of society, and the public at large. Our work is conducted by committees of volunteer scientists--leading national and international experts--who serve without compensation. Committees are carefully composed to assure the requisite expertise and to avoid bias or conflict of interest. Every report produced by our committees undergoes extensive review and evaluation by a group of external experts who are anonymous to the committee, and whose names are revealed only once the study is published. “Review of the DOD-GEIS influenza programs: Strengthening global surveillance and response”, The National Academies Press) MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING In developing avian influenza/pandemic influenza …equipment for respiratory diseases.

The US is key – It has unique expertise, the perception of its leadership in Disease Surveillance ensures information sharing, and deploying public health officials trains them to respond to a bioterror attack on the US CISET 1996 (An interagency Government working group on emerging infectious diseases was formed in December 1994 under the auspices of the National Science and Technology Council's Committee on International Science, Engineering, and Technology (CISET). Led by CDC, the Department of State, USAID, Food and Drug Administration, NIH, and the Department of Defense, the working group makes the following recommendations for action by the U.S. Government., “Global Microbial Threats in the 1990s,” [|http://clinton1.nara.gov/White_House/EOP/OSTP/CISET/html/exsum.html)] The modern world is a very small place; … to combat infectious diseases.

The alternative creates an all-consuming Colonialistic West and an Angelic South that reentrenches ethnocentrism and create impossible expectations for the South to meet Pascal Bruckner, 1986 (Counts among the best-known French "nouveaux philosophes”, Académie Française Prix 2000 and Medici Prize 1995, The Tears of The White Man: Compassion as Contempt) An ethnologist praying for the extermination of the … is to give in to a loathsome from of blackmail.

Disease Securitization mobilizes political action to solve disease and bioterrorism Enemark 05 (Dr. Christian Enemark is a Visiting Fellow of the John Curtin School of Medical Research at ANU where he serves as Deputy Director of the National Centre for Biosecurity.'INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY', The Nonproliferation Review, 12:1, 107 – 125. March 1st – via Taylor & Francis, which is usually obtainable through google scholar) In pursuing international cooperation, a threshold issue is how to … as a weapon of war or terror.5 <<>> Global networks assisted in …would far exceed that of SARS.

The DOD is critical – It has unique experience and unmatched existing infrastructure Institute of Medicine, 2001 (The Institute provides a vital service by working outside the framework of government to ensure scientifically informed analysis and independent guidance. The Institute provides unbiased, evidence-based, and authoritative information and advice concerning health and science policy to policy-makers, professionals, leaders in every sector of society, and the public at large. Our work is conducted by committees of volunteer scientists--leading national and international experts--who serve without compensation. Committees are carefully composed to assure the requisite expertise and to avoid bias or conflict of interest. Every report produced by our committees undergoes extensive review and evaluation by a group of external experts who are anonymous to the committee, and whose names are revealed only once the study is published. “Perspectives on the Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System: A Program Review”, The National Academies Press, [|http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10203&page=29)] Emerging infectious disease surveillance … and global interests alike.

USAMRU-K Politics Links

Bipartisan Support for DOD-run international surveillance – Recent funding increase proves

Institute of Medicine, 9/25/2007 (The Institute provides a vital service by working outside the framework of government to ensure scientifically informed analysis and independent guidance. The Institute provides unbiased, evidence-based, and authoritative information and advice concerning health and science policy to policy-makers, professionals, leaders in every sector of society, and the public at large. Our work is conducted by committees of volunteer scientists--leading national and international experts--who serve without compensation. Committees are carefully composed to assure the requisite expertise and to avoid bias or conflict of interest. Every report produced by our committees undergoes extensive review and evaluation by a group of external experts who are anonymous to the committee, and whose names are revealed only once the study is published. “Review of the DOD-GEIS influenza programs: Strengthening global surveillance and response”, The National Academies Press)

On January 2, 2005, the …were implemented by DoD-GEIS-supported entities (Malone, 2005). We’ve drastically increased our military aid to Kenya – it’s due to expand

Kevin J Kelley, The Nation (Nairobi), 9/9/2007

[“Steep Rise in U.S. Military Aid,” All Africa, http://allafrica.com/stories/200709090014.html]

The United States has increased … (Sh368 million) next year. Polls prove Public supports spending on disease prevention and bioterrorism defense

PR Newswire 2-5-07 (“Cuts Proposed in the President's Budget to Disease Prevention and Bioterrorism Preparedness Programs Jeopardize the Health of Americans, TFAH Warns,” l/n)

"The increased … than current spending levels. International Bird Flu Surveillance is an Olive Branch – National Security

Anderson, 06 (Jamie, Bachelor of Arts in International Studies at Boston College “The Looming Threat of an Avian Flu Pandemic: Concepts of Human Security,” May, [|http://dissertations.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1169&context=ashonors)]

In contrast to viewing vaccines as the primary tool, … for funding and that it could wait another year. DOD Surveillance kills political capital – Congress is caving into political pressures because of a lack of public attention

Josh Michaud, 9/4/07 (worked as an Epidemiologist with the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and as a Consultant with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. He received a BA in Political Science from the University of California, Santa Barbara, a Master's in Infectious Disease Epidemiology from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and a Master's in Applied Economics from Johns Hopkins University., “US lawmakers’ efforts to support global disease surveillance are not contagious…yet”, [|http://globalhealth.sais-jhu.edu/)]

An outside observer might get the idea … law before that occurs.

Kenyan Relations Advantage – 2AC Addon

Current heavy handed policies prevents securing Kenya’s support for the global war on terrorism and stability in the region – A shift in US policy allows for cooperation with this crucial “anchor state”

Barkan, Professor of Political Science at U of Iowa, 2004

(Joel D., FOREIGN AFFAIRS, “Kenya After Moi”, Jan/Feb)

ON DECEMBER 27, 2002, more … to Somalia, Rwanda, and southern Sudan. Terrorism risks extinction

Yonah Alexander, professor and director of the Inter-University for Terrorism Studies, 8/28/03 (Washington Times)

Last week's brutal suicide bombings … national, regional and global security concerns. US Economy Advantage – 2AC Addon Wakabi proves that collapse of the industry destroys the economy in Africa That spills over to the US – Africa is key to our economy

Susan E. Rice, Senior Fellow in FPGS at the Brookings Institution, 2006 [“Africa’s Strategic Importance to the U.S., Speech at Reed College, March 20, http://www.aspr.ac.at/sak/SusanRice.pdf]

There are additional … U.S. entrepreneurs and workers. Economic decline risks extinction

Bearden, Lieutenant Colonel in the U.S. Army, 2000 (Tom, June 24, http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a3aaf97f22e23.htm, Accessed 9/11/03)

History bears out that … perhaps most of the biosphere, at least for many decades.

Meadows (All Teams) – Affirmative – Disease Surveillance

Text: The United States federal government should establish Disease Research, Surveillance, Isolation and Containment Centers in East Africa, West Africa, Central Africa and Southern Africa that develop surveillance networks, respond to outbreaks, train personnel, and conduct research

Or

Text: The United States federal government should increase disease surveillance to topically designated areas

Contention 1 is Bird Flu

Current efforts in Asia have been successful, but have not been replicated in Sub-Saharan Africa – Inadequate surveillance increases the risk of a global pandemic Davis ’07 (Mike Davis is professor of history at the University of California, Irvine, and the author of The Monster at Our Door: The Global Threat of Avian Flu -- The Guardian (London) -February 7th – lexis) Just when most of us thought it was safe … or any genuine effort to develop a "world vaccine".

Africa is a unique hotspot – Bird Migration and People live in close proximity with birds Addis Ababa, 2006 (Commissioner of Rural Economy and Agriculture of the African Union, “Avian Flue: Possible Outbreak, Economic Importance and Emergency Preparedness Iniative in Africa”) Africa been one of the … complicates the situation.

A study in October found a mutation that increases the risk of a Pandemic Laurance 10/6 (Jeremy, Health Editor, 2007, [|http://news.independent.co.uk/health/article3033350.ece)] The bird flu virus H5N1 has mutated into … in the last century – in 1918, 1957 and 1968 – and more are expected. said.

The kills a billion people Satish Chandra, Deputy National Security Advisor of India – Center for Strategic Decision Research, 2004 [Global Security: A broader Concept for the 21st Century, 5/7, http://www.csdr.org/2004book/chandra.htm] This scenario, …rate is estimated. <<>> If the possibility of the collapse … with mortality rates of 60 to 70 percent

Probability and magnitude mean that a pandemic would outweigh nuclear war and terrorism Edmonds & Palmore ’06 (Mark Edmonds is the Director of the Centre for Defence and International Security Studies @ the University of Lancaster; Julian Palmore - Department of Mathematics, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Both are the Editors-in-Chief of Defense and Security Analysis -- Defense and Security Analysis – June 1st – via Taylor & Francis and obtainable through google scholar) Four times a year we, as Editors of … a pandemic. There is no time to waste.

Surveillance, Labs, and US expertise are key to contain an outbreak before it goes global Blount ’07 (Stephen B. Blount, MD, MPH, Director Office for Global Health US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention before the Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor, HHS, Education, and Related Agencies -- United States Senate -- May 02, 2007 -- [|http://www.hhs.gov/asl/testify/2007/05/t20070502a.html)] Currently, the US and … channels so we can respond effectively.

Contention Two is Bioweapons

They pose the greatest risk of extinction – Nuclear weapons are easier to control Ochs ’02 (Richard Ochs, ANALYST FOR THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS WORKING GROUP, July 9 2002 -- “BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS MUST BE ABOLISHED IMMEDIATELY” -- [|http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html)] Of all the weapons of mass destruction,…Human extinction is now possible.

Qualified authors prove that despite Technical difficulties and past failures, intense efforts by terrorists make a Bioterrorist Attack inevitable – There is motive, expertise and supply Clare Lopez, 2005 (Clare Lopez is/was:

1. Operations officer with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), serving domestically and abroad for 20 years in a variety of assignments, acquiring extensive expertise in counterintelligence, counternarcotics, and counterproliferation issues with a career regional focus on the former Soviet Union, Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkans.

2. Produced Technical Threat Assessments for U.S. Embassies at the Department of State, Bureau of Diplomatic Security, where she worked as a Senior Intelligence Analyst for Chugach Systems Integration

3. A strategic policy and intelligence expert with a focus on Middle East, homeland security, national defense, and counterterrorism issues at the intelligence summit

4. Executive Director of the Iran Policy Committee, a Washington, DC think tank, from 2005-2006

5. Senior Scientific Researcher at the Battelle Memorial Institute; a Senior Intelligence Analyst, Subject Matter Expert, and Program Manager at HawkEye Systems, LLC.;

“Defending the Homeland Against Bioweapons in the Hands of Terrorists”, Journal of Counterterrorism & Homeland Security International) There are considerable technical difficulties …BW attack carries with it the threat of very high potential lethality.

The US is uniquely vulnerable to bio-weapon threat dude to poor training of military medical personnel Defeo, 06 (Joseph, Captain of the United States Navy, "Joint Medical Readiness: Are We Ready to Answer the WMD Threat?" March 15 http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA449697 p. 7) Having the right people … in any of the current training programs.

Training through real-world experience is crucial to creating a strong public health infrastructure that is capable of minimizing the casualties from a bioterrorist attack – Global surveillance programs provide an opportunity for this training Smolinski et al. 03 – Director of the Global Health and Security Initiative at Nuclear Threat Initiative [Marks. Smolinski (Former Senior Program Officer at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academics of Science and Epidemic Intelligence Officer for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Margaret A. Hamburg (Vice President for Biological Programs at Nuclear Threat Initiative), & Joshua Lederberg (Directs the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Informatics at The Rockefeller University) Editors, Board on Global Health at the institute of the National Academics, Microbial threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response, 3-18-2003, http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10636.html] As described earlier, surveillance of and … the workforce to provide both on-the-ground epidemiologic expertise and laboratory capability. <<>> The real-world information and skills … upper-level management positions.

CDC international surveillance programs help train “disease detectives” that can respond to future treats Gerberding, 4/26/2004 (Julie, MPH Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Administrator, Agency for Toxis Substances and Disease Registry, “CDC's Terrorism and Global Disease Detection Efforts,” Testimony before Subcommittee on Labor, Health, and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies, Committee on Appropriations, [|http://usinfo.state.gov/xarchives/display.html?p=washfile-english&y=2004&m=April&x=20040428171224CMretroP0.1728632)] Ultimately, even the best disease detection … and knowledge, and rapidly deployed when needed.

Focusing on Africa is key – Infectious disease with potential in biological warfare are endemic to it Njuguna ’05 (James Thuo Njuguna holds a master of science degree in biotechnology and is currently completing his PhD in medical parasitology at the University of Bonn. He previously worked for the International Livestock Research Institute in Nairobi on control of trypanosomosis and malaria. African Security Review Vol 14 No 1, 2005 -- [|http://www.iss.co.za/index.php?link_id=3&slink_id=1967&link_type=12&slink_type=12&tmpl_id=3)] Major infectious diseases known … endemic to the eastern Africa region.

Minimizing the death toll is crucial – large casualties ensures a US response that escalates to nuclear war.

Conley ’03 (Lt Col Harry W. is chief of the Systems Analysis Branch, Directorate of Requirements, Headquarters Air Combat Command (ACC), Langley AFB, Virginia. Air & Space Power Journal - Spring 2003 -- [|http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/spr03/conley.html)]

The number of American casualties suffered due … whatever promises had been made.”48

Contention Three is Solvency

Establishing Disease Research, Surveillance, Isolation and Containment Centers in each of the four regions of Sub-Saharan Africa allows for the integration of global efforts to combat disease and bioterrorism Fox 98 (C. WILLIAM FOX, JR. -- C. WILLIAM FOX, JR., M.D., is en route to assignment as the Commander of Bayne-Jones Army Hospital, Ft. Polk, LA, where he concurrently will serve as Command Surgeon of the Joint Readiness Training Center -- Parameters, Winter 1997-98, pp. 121-36. -- http://carlisle-www.army.mil/usawc/parameters/97winter/fox.htm Disease Research, Surveillance, Isolation … by a future adversary.

Establishing Surveillance Centers modeled after the military’s overseas laboratories in Sub-Saharan Africa allows for effective responses to Bird Flu and Bioterrorism Jean-Paul Chretien, Assistant Coordinator of DOD’s Overseas Research Laboratories, 2006 “Global Networks Could Avert Pandemics”, Nature Since late 2003, an avian influenza epidemic has caused … linked to a global professional network.

The US is key – It has unique expertise, the perception of its leadership in Disease Surveillance ensures information sharing, and deploying public health officials trains them to respond to a bioterror attack on the US CISET 1996 (An interagency Government working group on emerging infectious diseases was formed in December 1994 under the auspices of the National Science and Technology Council's Committee on International Science, Engineering, and Technology (CISET). Led by CDC, the Department of State, USAID, Food and Drug Administration, NIH, and the Department of Defense, the working group makes the following recommendations for action by the U.S. Government., “Global Microbial Threats in the 1990s,” [|http://clinton1.nara.gov/White_House/EOP/OSTP/CISET/html/exsum.html)] The modern world is a very small place; … to combat infectious diseases.

The Canadian government conducted a comparative international study. The results prove no one is better at surveillance and outbreak assistance than the US. National Advisory Committee on SARS and Public Health 03 (Learning from SARS: Renewal of Public Health in Canada – October -- http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/sars-sras/pdf/sars-e.pdf

The members of the National Advisory Committee on SARS and Public Health were: Dr. David Naylor, Dean of Medicine at the University of Toronto (Chair); Dr. Sheela Basrur, Medical Officer of Health, City of Toronto; Dr. Michel G. Bergeron, Chairman of the Division of Microbiology and of the Infectious Diseases Research Centre of Laval University, Quebec City; Dr. Robert C. Brunham, Medical Director of the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver; Dr. David Butler-Jones, Medical Health Officer for Sun Country, and Consulting Medical Health Officer for Saskatoon Health Regions, Regina; Gerald Dafoe, Chief Executive Officer of the Canadian Public Health Association, Ottawa; Dr. Mary Ferguson-Paré, Vice-President, Professional Affairs and Chief Nurse Executive at University Health Network, Toronto; Frank Lussing, Past President and CEO of York Central Hospital, Richmond Hill; Dr. Allison McGeer, Director of Infection Control, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto; Kaaren R. Neufeld, Executive Director and Chief Nursing Officer at St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg; Dr. Frank Plummer, Scientific Director of the Health Canada National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg) The CDC exerts considerable influence … earmarked state-level funding and partnerships.

The alternative creates an all-consuming Colonialistic West and an Angelic South that reentrenches ethnocentrism and create impossible expectations for the South to meet Pascal Bruckner, 1986 (Counts among the best-known French "nouveaux philosophes”, Académie Française Prix 2000 and Medici Prize 1995, The Tears of The White Man: Compassion as Contempt) An ethnologist praying for the extermination of the … is to give in to a loathsome from of blackmail.

Disease Securitization mobilizes political action to solve disease and bioterrorism Enemark 05 (Dr. Christian Enemark is a Visiting Fellow of the John Curtin School of Medical Research at ANU where he serves as Deputy Director of the National Centre for Biosecurity.'INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY', The Nonproliferation Review, 12:1, 107 – 125. March 1st – via Taylor & Francis, which is usually obtainable through google scholar) In pursuing international cooperation, a threshold issue is how to … as a weapon of war or terror.5 <<>> Global networks assisted in …would far exceed that of SARS.

Surveillance Politics Links

Bipartisan support for Disease Surveillance – Vocal Support

Porter ’05 (Charlene Porter, Washington File Staff Writer -- State Department Documents and Publications -- December 8, 2005 – lexis)

Bipartisan support … at a minimum, double this amount." Bipartisanship on unrelated issues is key to Bush’s agenda.

John C. Fortier, Research Associate and Political Scientist at the American Enterprise Institute, 5/1/03

It does not make sense for Bush to … but he could accomplish more. Polls prove Public supports spending on disease prevention and bioterrorism defense

PR Newswire 2-5-07 (“Cuts Proposed in the President's Budget to Disease Prevention and Bioterrorism Preparedness Programs Jeopardize the Health of Americans, TFAH Warns,” l/n)

"The increased …spending levels. Turn – Obama and Clinton Support Disease Surveillance – Avian Flu

St. Louis Post-Dispatch ‘05 (Missouri -- November 6, 2005 – lexis)

Growing up … response to an inevitable threat. Key to the Agenda

The Australian ‘07 (Australia -- February 13, 2007 – lexis)

The carefully …in Washington. International Bird Flu Surveillance is an Olive Branch – National Security

Anderson, 06 (Jamie, Bachelor of Arts in International Studies at Boston College “The Looming Threat of an Avian Flu Pandemic: Concepts of Human Security,” May, [|http://dissertations.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1169&context=ashonors)]

In contrast to viewing vaccines as … that it could wait another year. International Surveillance is a win for Bush – Vocal support for fighting Bird Flu

President Bush, 11/1//05

President Outlines Pandemic Influenza Preparations and Response, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/11/20051101-1.html

The first part of our strategy … to detect and contain outbreaks.

CDC disease surveillance kills political capital – budget cuts prove

Winfield, 07 (Gwyn, CBRNe World, “Threat Watch,” March [|http://www.cbrneworld.com/news_03_07.html)]

CDC’s disease surveillance system, BioSense, … in the US too CDC funding is a loss for Bush – cuts in recent budget

PR Newswire 2-5-07 (“Cuts Proposed in the President's Budget to Disease Prevention and Bioterrorism Preparedness Programs Jeopardize the Health of Americans, TFAH Warns,” l/n)

WASHINGTON, Feb. 5 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- Trust for America's Health (TFAH) today expressed … in FY 2005.