St.+Marks+KB-+Jordan+Blumenthal+&+Alex+Katz+aff


 * ST MARKS NANOTECH AFF-- BROKEN RD. 5**

Adv 1—disease Nanotech is critical to diagnose and treat diseases- unfortunately current foreign assistance policies don’t effectively promote the technology **ABW 7** (Anything but work, “Nanotechnology and health” [|www.anythingbutwork.com] ) Singer, senior scientist at the….improving public health in the developing world Things are looking up in africa **CBJ 4** (CONgressional bjudget justification, usaid.gov) Today, promise, potential and….significantly larger player in global trade Nanotech is emerging quickly in nations across the globe—ensuring safe dev’t and acess to that technology will save a million lives a year by creating effective diagnosis and treatment for malaria **Chimes 7** (voa news, “nanotechnology could improve health care in developing countries”) Scientists say nanotechnology…safe ways of using the technologies Unchecked drug resistant pathogens cause extinction ---genero south china m orning post US Action key—world leader in nanotech r&d Teague 6 (“dr clayton Teague addresses senate committee on us leadership in nanotechnology” [|www.ansi.org] “the us is the acknowledged leader in….aspects of nanotechnologies USAID HAS unique on the ground experience that ensures the absorption and acceptance of aid  **Shine 4** (“Science and technology in US foreign assistance: interim report to the administrator, US agency for international development” p 2-10)  None of these organizations….unique amongst US government agencies  ADV 2- TECH LEADERSHIP  Funding cuts have hampered uSAIDS efforts in technological assistance—greater funding is necessary to utilize USAID’s unque leadership  **Miotke 8** ( [|www.state.gov], before the submittee on research, science education, house committee on science and technology United states house of representatives)  Development in aid in the form of technological cooperation in nanotech enhances US global technology leadersih **Mendis 4** (“science technology and intellectual property rights in American foreign policy” june 2004, journal of technology law& policy) Such initatives expand our diplomatic relations with key countries and pave the way for global cooperation on technological issues **Miotke 8** [|www.state.gov], before the submittee on research, science education, house committee on science and technology United states house of representatives) S&T outreach serves as a powerful tool….for example, our understanding”  Technological assistsance, particularly in the form of human development, provides a means of overcoming current resentment and forging new relations with the globe  S&t is universally perceived…the soft power of s&t  US nanotech leadership ensures international regulation, resulting in controlled military nanotech  **Vandermolen 6** (__AIR & SPACE POWER JOUNRAL,__ “Molecular nanotechnology and national security**)**  in order to minimize the threats….before that day arrives  Unregulated military nanotech heightens security tensios and culimintes in world war  **Gubrud 97** (Center for superconductivity research, “nanotechnology and international security” The greatest danger coincides with the….reasons the US primacy option is not the best solution US action and model is key to cooperation and transparency **Altmann 4** (military uses of nanotechnology: perspectives and concerns, security dialogue, vol 35) It is predicted that nanotechnology…provide an important precedent Transparency will be critical to build confidence and avert miscalc **Altmann 4** (military uses of nanotechnology: perspectives and concerns, security dialogue, vol 35) “The potential for mistrust..contribute to building conflict” Adv 3—econ Current nanotech policies avoid places like Africa- despite substantial market opportunity, businesses refuse to invest—proves we link turn your repks k **Woodrow Wilson internatonal center for scholars 7** (“the promise of nanotechnology” may 2007 [|www.wilsoncenter.org] ) The market opportunity is substantial….improve health In developing countries” And—nanotech will become the ciritical sector of the world economy **Wang 7** (“r&d policy un the united states: the promotion of nanotechnology r&d” December) Nanotechnology is a global compettion that the US must win in order to sustain innovation and its economy **Salvi 8** (“a global technology race theUS must win”2-25, [|www.latimes.com] ) We’ve actually been serendipitiously…can ill-afford not to win Us economic downturn causes abandonment of the free market system—collapsing the global economy and culminating in nuke war Genero nyqust 5 Nanotech development assistance paves the way for regulatory frameworks and commece **Lodwick 7** (“nanotechnology and the global poor: the united states policy and international collaborations” nsti.org) However, the greatest potential for….nanotechnology into development The us is the globa l leader in regulation—additional progress is critical to the development of any form of nanotech **Salvi 8** (“a global technology race theUS must win”2-25, [|www.latimes.com] ) Nanotech companies have been actively engaged…that rely on rhetoric. Cooperation on regulation ensures progress, which is critical to sustainable nanotechnic economic growth **Maynard 8** (“setting the nanotech research agenda” 1/15 [|www.thebulletin.org] As legislators grapple with how…unlock the technology’s many benefits Nanotechnic foreign aid promotes stability and helps to open up new markets for us companies  **Sandler 7** (“nanotechnology and the global poor: united states policy and international collaborations” [|www.nsti.org] Species attention is given….united states companies Epxanding nanotech is key to shore up us economic leadership in the realm **UPI 5** “US risks losing nano lead” [|www.physorg.com] Nanotechnology experts warn…remain ahead of the world in terms of nanotech integration capabilities
 * Miotke 8 **[|www.state.gov], before the submittee on research, science education, house committee on science and technology United states house of representatives)
 * PLAN UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASE NANOTECHNOLOGY ASSISTANCE FOR TH TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF DISEASE IN THE TOPIC REGION **

St Marks BK – Affirmative – Navy Medical Ships

NAVY 1AC

CONTENTION ONE—INHERENCY—

The United States has steadily increased naval presence around Africa and now intends to make it permanent Flynn 11/12 (Daniel, Washington Post, 2007, "U.S. to woo Africans with naval diplomacy," http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/12/AR2007111200650_pf.html)

As it steams down … aboard ship during its voyage.

Revisions in US naval strategy prove more humanitarian ops are inevitable USA Today 10/17 ("Preventing wars tops new naval strategy")

In the first major revision of U.S. … as a show of force toward Iran.

And, just one week ago, the Navy deployed the USS Porter to Kenya for a military diplomacy mission Rankin 11/10 (Nick, BBC News, 2007, "US Navy in Kenya goodwill mission," http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7085188.stm)

Last month the US officially … their own traditions and rules.

Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase public health assistance provided by the United States Navy to the Horn of Africa.

CONTENTION TWO—DISEASE—

The Horn of Africa is at risk for disease spread—additional assistance is needed WHO '6 (April 7, "Horn of Africa food crisis and health risks," http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/notes/2006/np08/en/index.html)

Severe drought has …. This can lead to complications and death during childbirth.

Naval medical platforms are declining—readiness is at an all-time low—naval cession of public health to civilian providers sets the stage for rapid disease spread HOOPER '3 (Craig, "Projecting Biomedical Security," Naval Institute Proceedings 129:7, July, EBSCO)

Without some means to jolt it into … secular authorities, and gain basing or training rights.

Revitalizing naval medical engagement prevents disease outbreak and nuclear miscalculation HOOPER '3 (Craig, "Projecting Biomedical Security," Naval Institute Proceedings 129:7, July, EBSCO)

Coupled with a well-appointed, possibly … into larger urban areas.

Unchecked drug resistant pathogens cause extinction South China Morning Post quoting Dr. Ben-Abraham, called "one of the 100 greatest minds in history" by Mensa, 1-4-1996 (Avi, "Leading the way to a cure for AIDS," P. Lexis)

Despite the importance of the discovery of the …of the human race," he said.

CONTENTION THREE—TERRORISM—

Africa is the new key site for controlling terrorism—expansion of Navy involvement will be key Paterson '6 (Pat, U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, May, "INTO AFRICA A New Frontier in the WAR ON TERROR," EBSCO)

Africa, long a haven and training … to a more radical approach."

Now is a critical time – the Horn of Africa has become a critical base for al Qaeda to launch its attacks The Telegraph, October 24th (David Blair and Addis Ababa, "Al-Qa'eda target west from Horn of Africa," 10-24-2007, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/10/22/wqaeda122.xml) JMP

In the rapidly changing battleground … at "Westerners", possibly tourists on the Kenyan coast.

African terror networks will gain access to nuclear weapons to use on the US. Dempsey – Director of African Studies @ U.S. Army War College – 2006 (Thomas, Served as a strategic intelligence analyst for Africa at the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and as Chief of Africa Branch for the Defense Intelligence Agency, Counterterrorism in African Failed States: Challenges and Potential Solutions, April)

The threat that terrorist hubs based in … are located to apprehend or destroy them will be a complex and difficult task.

Failure to prevent nuclear terrorism risks extinction and world war three. Sid-Ahmed, Political Analyst, 2K4 (Mohamed, "Extinction!" Al-Ahram Weekly On-Line, August 26 – September 1, [|http://weekly.ahram.org.eg] /2004/705/op5.htm)

We have reached a point in human history where … infects the whole planet, we will all be losers.

Increased naval deployments to the Horn of Africa are critical to build goodwill and prevent terrorism—the Navy refuses to commit hospital ships and naval medical personnel to the Horn SALTA '6 (Remo, "Around the Horn," Naval Institute Proceedings 132:7, July, EBSCO)

The one thing I noted after reading …Navy gray of U.S. warships.

Naval humanitarianism is a crucial tool in the war on terror—this is feeding its expansion Ballen '6 (Kenneth, flyin-high president of Terror Free Tomorrow, 12/20, www.csmonitor.com/2006/1220/p09s01-coop.html)

The flagship for the war on terror …in the Muslim world.

Naval medicine is the best way to improve US image abroad BOSTON GLOBE '6 (5/14, http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/editorials/articles/2006/05/14/stethoscope_diplomacy/ )

THE 1,000-BED US … by its enemies abroad.

Expanded humanitarian missions ensures access to littoral areas to disrupt terrorist activity RAWLEY '7 (Chris, Navy Reserve Lieutenant Commander, "Naval Unconventional Warfare," Small Wars Journal 7, smallwarsjournal.com/documents/swjmag/v7/rawley-swjvol7.pdf)

CREATING MARITIME … which support U.S. GWOT goals.

Hospital ship deployment gains access to local intelligence which is critical to overwhelm terrorist activity RAWLEY '7 (Chris, Navy Reserve Lieutenant Commander, "Naval Unconventional Warfare," Small Wars Journal 7, smallwarsjournal.com/documents/swjmag/v7/rawley-swjvol7.pdf)

BUILDINUILDING INTELLIGENCE NETWORKS Intelligence … several West African partner militaries.

CONTENTION FOUR—HEGEMONY—

Africa represents a critical strategic region for the United States—serious threats emanate from the region Steven Metz, Research Professor of National Security Affairs in the Strategic Studies Institute, 2k (REFINING AMERICAN STRATEGY IN AFRICA, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub199.pdf)

The tendency is thus to … which is in short supply across Africa.

Expanded naval medicine presence is necessary to project influence to Africa GALRAHN '7 (7/15, naval analyst, http://informationdissemination.blogspot.com/2007/07/2nd-fleet-focus-soft-power-in-south.html )

If this report is accurate, the impact of the … to a region in need.

Hospital ship deployments provide unique vehicles for medical diplomacy Hormats '7 (Dr. Robert, IFPA-Fletcher Conference, http://fletcherconference.com/oldtranscripts/2007/Hormats.pdf)

Can I just add one comment? The point … could be at the forefront of this initiative.

Solves power projection GALRAHN '7 (6/6, naval analyst, http://informationdissemination.blogspot.com/2007/07/2nd-fleet-focus-soft-power-in-south.html )

The projection of power … national security strategy.

Hospital ships act as a force multiplier, providing unique platforms for naval warfighting RAWLEY '7 (Chris, Navy Reserve Lieutenant Commander, "Naval Unconventional Warfare," Small Wars Journal 7, smallwarsjournal.com/documents/swjmag/v7/rawley-swjvol7.pdf)

Mercy's deployment also … and direct fire weapons.

Deployment of medical-focused ships results in a greater commitment to broad naval medicine, solving readiness HOOPER '3 (Craig, "Projecting Biomedical Security," Naval Institute Proceedings// 129:7, July, EBSCO)

Without some means to jolt it … doing medical work."[sup4]

Humanitarian assistance is necessary to win local support—regional support and power projection will be critical to success in the Asia-Pacific region and readiness Roughead '6 (Admiral Gary, "Enhancing Asia-Pacific Sea Power," US Naval Institute Proceedings, May, Vol. 132, Issue 5, p. 48-50)

The Asia-Pacific region poses a … region and assure stability, peace, and prosperity.

Naval readiness is critical to deterring and preventing great power wars Conway et al '7 (James T., General, U.S. Marine Corps, Gary Roughead, Admiral, U.S. Navy, Thad W. Allen, Admiral, U.S. Coast Guard, "A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower," October, http://www.navy.mil/maritime/MaritimeStrategy.pdf)

Deter major power war. No … extended campaigns ashore.

St Marks BK – Affirmative – Djibouti

DJIBOUTI 1AC

Lack of funding for developmental assistance undermines HOA and AFRICOM—a new focus is key Berrigan 9/19 (Frida, senior program associate at the Arms and Security Project of the New America Foundation, 2007, "The New Military Frontier: Africa," [|http://www.commondreams.org] /archive/2007/09/19/3948/) Even as these discussions continue,.... strategic interests than African needs

Plan: The United States federal government should substantially expand Africa based public health infrastructure programs of the United States Combined Joint Task Force based in Djibouti.

Contention 1—Health— Lack of health infrastructure in Africa spurs drug resistant strains–there's no diagnostic testing. Cohen '7 (Gary, President of BD Medical, 1-5-07, http://www.bd.com/press /newsroom/pdfs/3_HC_Infrastruct ure.pdf) A primary thrust of these interventions … the public and private sectors toward this goal.

Unchecked drug resistant pathogens cause extinction South China Morning Post quoting Dr. Ben-Abraham, called "one of the 100 greatest minds in history" by Mensa, 1-4-1996 (Avi, "Leading the way to a cure for AIDS," P. Lexis) Despite the importance of the discovery of the "facilitating" cell, … imperil the survival of the human race," he said.

And, the task force builds up public health infrastructure throughout the region to improve stability. CENTCOM, 12-06 (Fact Sheet, U.S. Central Command: Combined Joint Task Force-Horn Of Africa Mission; [|http://www.hoa.centcom.mil] /resources/english/facts.asp#) The Combined Joint Task Force–Horn of Africa is a unit of United States … a four-story building in Kenya in 2006 and the capsizing of a passenger ferry in Djibouti in 2006.

And strengthening infrastructure assists public health. Pekka Puska ("WHO Director—General election: public health infrastructures" 10/27/06 Pg. 1401 Vol. 368 No. 9545 ISSN: 0140-6736 p. Lexis) Without a concerted effort by WHO and others …and other functions-is vital to success, in both chronic and infectious diseases.

Contention 2—Leadership— Military outreach operations are a unique issue that develops soft power and trains troops for state building. CSM, 6-22-07 (Ginny Hill, "Military focuses on development in Africa: In Djibouti, US forces combat terrorism with civil affairs work. Will this be a model for a future US military command in Africa?" http://www.csmonitor.com/2007 /0622/p07s02-woaf.html) Stephen Morrison, director of the Africa program at the Center for Strategic and … can be very useful as part of a broader strategy."

And, integration of civilian and military operations changes the American security paradigm, increasing American soft power Howard '7 (Peter, Professor at American University, School of International Service, PhD SIS, May 31, [|http://duckofminerva.blogspot] .com/2007/05/how-soft-can -power-be.html) Second is the change in US bureaucratic politics:… the world, develops policy, and goes about its business as a national security state.

This new security paradigm is necessary to successfully combat terror and sustain hegemony Richardson, '7 (Bill, Governor of New Mexico, Former US Congressman, Former US Secretary of Energy, Former US representative to the UN, "A New Realism," Summer, Harvard International Review, Cambridge, Vol. 29, Iss. 2; p. 26, Proquest) An Unchanging Approach to a Changing Paradigm… US allies and for shared democratic values in order to coordinate international efforts for global problems.

Additionally, the HOA task force is the template that will spread throughout the military Thomas P.M. Barnett, distinguished strategist at the Oak Ridge Center for Advanced Studies, Senior Strategic Researcher at the U.S. Naval War College, and Senior Managing Director of Enterra Solutions; 6-24-07 ("Africa command: How America organizes to win war and peace," Knox News, http://www.knoxnews.com/news /2007/jun/24/barnett-africa -command-how-america-organizes -win-w) For years now, I've argued for … this strategic backwater, forging the obvious solution.

Overcoming fear of militaristic US action through developmental assistance is critical to the long term success of AFRICOM Morrison 8/1 (J. Stephen, Executive Director, HIV/AIDS Task Force and Director, Africa Program, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2007, "Africa: Testimony of Stephen Morrison - U.S. Senate Africom Hearing") Most significant will be overcoming …in significant gains over existing U.S. security programs in Africa.

And, military medicine presents an alternative international strategy that is essential to maintain US leadership Carroll '1 (Terry, Army Colonel, "Engagement or Marriage: The Case for an Expanded Military Medical Role in Africa," March, stinet.dtic.mil) We continue to grapple with the opposing forces … positive results from medical deployments enhance our value as an ally and partner.

Finally, the collapse of U.S. leadership will unleash conflicts – resulting great power wars Thayer '6 [Bradley A., Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Minnesota, Duluth, The National Interest, November -December, "In Defense of Primacy", lexis] A remarkable fact about international politics today…? They may have the desire, but they do not have the capabilities. Let's face it: for the time being, American primacy remains humanity's only practical hope of solving the world's ills.

Contention 3—Terrorism— The current focus on hard line counter-terrorism fails. More resources are needed to address the root causes of terrorism. Josh Meyer, LA Times Staff Writer, 3-18-7 (In Terrorism Fight, Diplomacy Gets Shortchanged, [|http://www.thepeacealliance] .org/content/view/307/1/) President Bush, members of Congress … publicizing U. S. military actions.

And, current military policy makes terrorism inevitable—the Task Force must place greater reliance on development aid Prof. Thomas P.M. Barnett, Senior Strategic Researcher at the U.S. Naval War College and Senior Managing Director of Enterra Solutions, 6-27-07 (Esquire, "The Americans Have Landed," http://www.esquire.com/features /africacommand0707) "We could have solved all of East Africa in less … or this road show will close faster than you can say "Black Hawk down."

And, African terror networks will gain access to nuclear weapons to use on the US. Dempsey – Director of African Studies @ U.S. Army War College – 2006 (Thomas, Served as a strategic intelligence analyst for Africa at the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and as Chief of Africa Branch for the Defense Intelligence Agency, Counterterrorism in African Failed States: Challenges and Potential Solutions, April, [|http://www.strategicstudiesinst] itute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub649 .pdf) The threat that terrorist hubs based in … state in which they are located to apprehend or destroy them will be a complex and difficult task.

Failure to prevent nuclear terrorism risks extinction and world war three. Sid-Ahmed, Political Analyst, 2K4 (Mohamed, "Extinction!" Al-Ahram Weekly On-Line, August 26 – September 1, [|http://weekly.ahram.org.eg] /2004/705/op5.htm) We have reached a point in human history where … war will be without winners and losers. When nuclear pollution infects the whole planet, we will all be losers. The status quo counter-terror strategy will inevitably fail because it does not address the environment that produces terrorists Princeton N. Lyman, Adjunct Senior Fellow for Africa Policy Studies at CFR, and J. Stephen Morrison, Director of CSIS Africa Program; Jan/Feb 04 (The Terrorist Threat in Africa., Foreign Affairs, 00157120, Vol. 83, Issue 1, Business Source Complete) ON AUGUST 7, 1998, two massive bombs exploded … forever if U.S. security interests are to be advanced.

The plan does this by having the military build public health infrastructure. Other measures are impossible unless the military acts first Robert I. Rotberg, president of the World Peace Foundation and director of the Program on Intrastate Conflict and Conflict Resolution in the Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 2005 (Battling Terrorism in the Horn of Africa, Rotberg (ed.), More quals: professor of political science and history at MIT; academic vice president at Tufts University; president of Lafayette College; Copyright: The World Peace Foundation and Brookings Institution, p.6-8) The eradication both of existing terrorist cells and potential … to the region and each of its countries.

The Task Force must be expanded to ensure the development of public health infrastructure Robert I. Rotberg, president of the World Peace Foundation and director of the Program on Intrastate Conflict and Conflict Resolution in the Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 2005 (Battling Terrorism in the Horn of Africa, Rotberg (ed.), More quals: professor of political science and history at MIT; academic vice president at Tufts University; president of Lafayette College; Copyright: The World Peace Foundation and Brookings Institution, p.21-22) The countries of the greater Horn of Africa … of this crucial and endangered region.

Placing a priority on humanitarianism overcomes the current flaws with the Task Force and is critical to win hearts and minds Lischer '7 (Sarah, Wake PoliSci Prof, "Winning Hearts and Minds in the Horn of Africa," Harvard International Review, http://hir.harvard.edu/articles /print.php?article=1481) An examination of the goals and actions …the lessons of the "do no harm" ethic may prove valuable to the Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa.

Finally, the issue of public health is empirically uniquely important in winning hearts and minds. Raymond A. Zilinskas, directs the Chemical and Biological Weapons Nonproliferation Program and Tamara R. Chapman, Monterey Institute for International Studies, 1-24-7 (Security and Public Health: How and Why do Public Health Emergencies Affect the Security of a Country?, http://www.nti.org/e_research /e3_84.html) In working to create a new framework of government in a … for nation-building becomes very difficult.

China Add-On

A. Djibouti serves as a template for other commands – PACOM would model Shermerhornm 05 (Battling Terrorism in the Horn of Africa, "Djibouti: A special role in the War on Terrorism" p.48-9)

B. Changing PACOM diffuses Chinese misperception and avoids instability Eland 06 (independent.org/pdf/policy_reports/2006-01-20-china.pdf) "From a Chinese perspective…more than does the United States."

C. Impact is Strait Times

Bush Good 2AC

Bush's pol cap is seriously diminished—lame duck Bergerson Nov 6th ("Dr. Politics: If Bush walks, talks like an out-going wartime president is he a lame-duck?")

"In 1910 following the congressional…of his presidency."

Bush's vetoes and the continuing budget battles are highly controversial The Frontrunner 07 ("bush veto seen as a forerunner of major showdown over spending"

"Media reports this morning…and other vital areas."

These controversial battles are getting worse Virginian-Pilot.com 07 ("Bush rejects domestic spending bill") "By signing a military spending bill…programs at home."

Pol cap is irreleveant – its empirically fails and popularity of the issue is more important Financial times 07 ("Bush gambles on immigarion for domestic legacy") "For months, the White House…costly endeavour."

Turn Bipart— A. African military assistance is popular with congress and the public Independent task force report 6 ("More than humanitarianism: A strategic U.S. approach Toward Africa", Council on Foreign Relations)

B. Bipart key to agenda --- lobbies and senate Ap 7 (1/2) "Some lobbyists concede…Chamber of commerce."

Popularity determining factor Boston Globe 12/3 "republicans said they would…January's agfenda."

Turn Gop— A. GOP salivates over plan – it's seen as an opportunity to win black voters Ridgeway '3 ("liberia: ripe for colonizing?" "Finally, Bush's foray into…from the Democrats."

B. Base support key to agenda Washing Post 07 ("Base to Bush: It's Over") "So now the president has…looking forward to Jan. 20, 2009."

African Aid stays under the radar far from political controversy – Iraq and Afghanistan proves. Fletcher 06 (Washington post staff writer, "Bush has quietly tripled aid to Africa") "President Bush's legacy is sure…increase in U.S. aid to Africa."