Coppell+BK+-+Pavan+Krishnamurthy+&+Risha+Bhattacharjee+neg

ASPEC
A. Violation: the affirmative must specify their agent. Rotunda ‘1 (Richard, professor of law at the University of Illinois, 18 Const. Commentary 319, “THE COMMERCE CLAUSE, THE POLITICAL QUESTION DOCTRINE, AND MORRISON”, lexis) The Framers sought to protect liberty by creating a central government of enumerated powers. They divided power between the state and federal governments, and they further divided power within the federal government by splitting it among the three branches of government, and they further divided the legislative power (the power that the Framers most feared) by splitting it between two Houses of Congress. n12

B. Vote Negative: 1. Ground– the agent affects every argument from disads to counterplans generic ground is critical on a broad topic. Elmore, Professor of public affairs at the University of Washington, 1980. (Political science quarterly, pg. 605) Analysis of policy choices matters very little if the mechanism for implementing … remaining 90 percent in the realm of implementation.

2. Damage is done – the 1AC is the focus, allowing them to change their advocacy in the 2AC turns them into a moving target.

Public Health Assistance A. Interpretation – public health assistance is direct disease treatment or prevention. White House National Security Strategy, 2k (“A NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY FOR A GLOBAL AGE”, http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/nss/nss_dec2000_part2.htm) Efforts by the United States to foster sustainable development include: • Promoting sound ... and OECD to raise environmental standards for export credit agencies and international financial institutions. B. Violation – the affirmative does not directly treat or prevent a disease. C. Prefer our interpretation: the topic is huge and an expansive notion of public health would mean anything the US does to reduce death in Africa would be topical. Multiply this by 48 countries and the only way the negative even has a fighting chance is to limit the affirmative to a stable plan mechanism that can create good generic ground.

Government to Government
A. Interpretation: the affirmative can only give government-to-government assistance. Rothstein ‘2 (Mark, Chair in Health Law and Policy, at Bradeis University School of Law and School of Medicine, Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics, Summer, “Rethinking the Meaning of Public Health”, ebsco) Government intervention as public health. The third conception of public health, and the one I … such as epidemiology, disease surveillance, and environmental regulation.

B. Violation – the affirmative does not give directly to African governments.

C. Vote negative – under their interpretation they could give to any one person in Africa – this would destroy limits which is the key internal link to predicatable ground and education.

There are over 10,000 NGO’s in Tanzania alone Janet Reuben (Sociologist, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Presentation at the Panel on   Re-thinking African Development   CODESRIA General Assembly Meeting   Nile Hotel, Kampala, Uganda.   December 2002) For the records, the number of NGOs in Tanzania is increasing rapidly. According to FES (2000) Between 1961 and 1980, there were only 25 registered NGOs. By 1990 this rose to 41. Between 1990 and 1993 the number rose to 224, and from 1996 there has been more than 6000 registered NGOs. According to the Registrar of Societies, Tanzania had 8499 NGOs as of September 1998. By December 2000, there were more than 10000 registered NGOs (V.P. Office, NGO Calendar).



Sub-Saharan Africa is All
A. Public health requires addressing all members of a population that are affected by a public health threat—it can’t target individual groups that suffer Dawson and Verweij, 07 (Angus, Centre for Professional Ethics, Keele University, and Marcel, Ethics Institute, Utrecht University, “The Meaning of ‘Public’ in ‘Public Health’”, Ethics, Prevention, and Public Health, http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.co.uk/pdf/0-19-929069-5.pdf) This last dimension of 'public health' has … health of each member of the public. The resolution designates the population in question as “Sub Saharan Africa” Oxford English Dictionary, 1989 (online) to, prep., conj., adv. 9. Indicating destination, or an appointed or expected end or event. (After ready, prepared, etc., for is now substituted.) Sub Saharan Africa refers to the region Princeton University WordNet. 2006 (http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=sub-saharan+africa&r=66 sub-saharan Africa noun the region of Africa to the south of the Sahara Desert

And, substantially is without material qualifications. Black’s Law Dictionary 1991 [p. 1024] Substantially - means essentially; without material qualification. B. VIOLATION – The aff targets an individual country, not the entire population. The only topical affirmative is that which makes assistance available to all members of Sub Saharan Africa who are threatened by a public health problem. C. VOTE NEG 1. Limits – their interpretation massively increases our research burden – if they can target specific areas within Sub-Saharan Africa, we have to research 48 times as many affs – one for every single country.

2. Ground – it’s impossible for the negative to get generics that link to tiny countries – all the core negative ground like politics and international aid CPs assume generic assistance to Sub-Saharan Africa in general. They don’t have to fiat all 48 countries, but the assistance they provide has to be available to everyone in Sub-Sahara.

3. Potential abuse is a voting issue, their interpretation opens the floodgates and overstretches our research limits

Prevention Not Treatment
A. Public health is governmental efforts to prevent disease, rather that treatment of individuals. Fidler 3 (David P, Professor of Law and Ira C. Batman Faculty Fellow, “ARTICLE: PUBLIC HEALTH AND NATIONAL SECURITY IN THE GLOBAL AGE: INFECTIOUS DISEASES, BIOTERRORISM, AND REALPOLITIK” George Washington International Law Review, 35 Geo. Wash. Int'l L. Rev. 787 Lexis) Identifying the scope and substance of public health security depends … protecting populations from health threats. B. Violation—The plan provides individual medical care. C. This is a voting issue 1. Limits—Focusing on treatment of individuals explodes the topic—prevention is already extremely broad, involving a wide range of mechanisms, including environmental protection, infrastructure, sanitation, and disease prevention. Adding treatment means we have to also research health care disads, the pharmaceutical industry, or specific disease treatments for every one of a hundred diseases in 48 countries.

2. Ground—prevention cases force the affirmative to take a broad approach to a problem which means bigger disad links—their interpretation allows too many small, single sector or single disease focused cases which mean our links will be overwhelmed by existing aid to Africa



Billion
A. Interpretation – the affirmative must mandate an increase in public health by allocating at least one billion dollars. United States Congreence of Catholic Bishops and Catholic Relief Services, 2003, “Testimony on 2003 Foreign Assistance”, http://216.239.51.104/search?q=cache:Ox-0GbeCOy0J:www.nccbuscc.org/sdwp/international/ftesap02.htm+%22united+states+conference+of+catholic+bishops%22+%22substantial+increase%22+2003&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=us. The Administration has proposed an increase … including HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis;

B. Violation – neither their plan text nor their solvency advocate says they allocate 1 billion dollars to public health.

C. Standards: 1. Bright line—our interpretation provides the clearest delineation between topical and not topical cases—That’s necessary to know the bounds of the resolution and helps debate.

2. Limits—our interpretation limits the topic to cases, which provide a lot of financial support—that limits out small squirrelly affirmatives, which we wouldn’t have, any links to.

3. Predictable ground—our interpretation ensures negative links to core of the topic disads and counterplans like spending and NGOs—that ensures fairness and education.

D. Topicality is a voting issue for fairness and education and should be evaluated in a competing interpretations framework, becuase they are least arbritary



European Union
The EU's ability to use human rights, democracy, and good goverance, makes it uniquely key for solving public health problems in Sub – Saharan Africa Louis Michel, European Union Development Policy, 2006. The question of development is more pressing… we can, and will, make this happen.

Public Health PIC
Expansive visions of public health imbue large amounts of permanent authority upon public health officials justifying massive campaigns targeted against any number of social factors. Health care law prevents public health radicalization Hall 3, Fred D. and Elizabeth L. Turnage Professor of Law, Wake Forest University. (Mark A. “The Scope and Limits of Public Health Law”, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 46.3 Supplement (2003) S199-S2090;,plo9ki) Abstract: Public health law needs to differentiate more clearly between … additional powers to deal with the threat.

Expansive views of public health justify sweeping measures to install biopolitical leadership and prevents an effective response to traditional health problems. Hall 3, Fred D. and Elizabeth L. Turnage Professor of Law, Wake Forest University. (Mark A. “The Scope and Limits of Public Health Law”, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 46.3 Supplement (2003) S199-S2090;,plo9ki) What Is Public Health? The nub of the issue is that the scientific boundaries … measures to remedy causes of poor health.

This management of life culminates in nuclear omnicide. Foucault 78 (Michel, History of Systems of Thought chair at University of Paris, “The History of Sexuality”, p 136-137) Since the classical age the West has undergone a very profound … the race, and the large-scale phenomena of population.



Consult Egypt
TEXT: The United States Federal Government should enter into prior, binding consultation with the government of Egypt over the following proposal: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. The United States Federal Government will continuously advocate the proposal but will allow the government of Egypt to propose changes to implementation. All of the Egyptian proposals will be accepted.

Our counterplan is competitive – our net benefits prove the distinction between the counterplan and any permutation and our solvency evidence makes a clear distinction between unilateral implementation and consultation. Any permutation severs out of the immediacy and the nature of fiat, because the counterplan can be altered or vetoed. We have resolutional support – resolved means to make a firm decision about – that’s dictionary.com 7.

Our CP solves – Egypt wants to enhance ties towards the rest of Africa and wants involvement in third party public health and infrastructure initiatives ESIS ‘5 [Egyptian State Information Service. “Foreign Policy. http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Pub/yearbook/yearbook2005/110103000000000018.htm] As regards bilateral relations, Egypt is always keen … companies in African countries. Genuine bilateral consultation with Egypt boosts US-Egyptian relations which are key to Middle East stability Satloff 97 (US Policy Toward Egypt, April 10, http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC07.php?CID=27) What is missing in … stability and economic prosperity are right and should be pursued. Relations are key to promoting stability and preventing Egyptian conflict State Department 3 (Feb 6, Lexis) Assistance Secretary of State William J. Burns says … meet the aspirations of its people, and help create a stable, prosperous Egypt for the 21st century.” Egyptian instability causes nuclear war St. Louis Post-Dispatch 92 When fundamentalist Muslims in Egypt … all the help it can get from other countries.



LOST
A. LOST pass now – American Daily 12/21 The Law of the Sea Treaty … to unnecessary diplomatic endeavors.

B. Foreign aid drains capital. Robert Nolan, Foreign Policy Association, Aiding Africa, June 9, 2005. If some level of consensus … something most are loath to do.

C. Political capital is key to ratification of LOST William Norman Grigg, author of Liberty In Eclipse: The Rise of the Homeland Security State, 3/5/07. “Sink the Law of the Sea Treaty!” It’s impossible to believe that a liberal Democrat ... political capital to enact his legislative agenda.

D. Naval Mobility: 1. It’s collapsing now --- LOST accession key to prevent this. US ratification of LOST is also key to other countries following suit and following the treaty’s mandates. Oxman '07 (Bernard H., Professor of Law University of Miami School of Law, CQ Testimony, 10-4, Lexis) The Convention provides the legal framework … costly to respect and costly to resist.

2. Naval mobility prevents global WMD conflicts Peele '97 (Reynolds B., Lieutenant, USMC, The Importance of Maritime Chokepoints, Parameters, Summer) Sir Walter Raleigh once observed … US security and economic interests can be protected.

Latin American Tradeoff
A. The budget climate is tight and Congress will require zero-sum offsets of health and development spending Sessions, 06 - analyst at the Centre for Global Development (Myra, Blog – “The PMI Turns One - How Will We Measure Success?”, Global Health Policy Blog, 7/6, http://blogs.cgdev.org/globalhealth/2006/07/the_pmi_turns_o.php) Evaluators should also … reality should be a part of the conversation about the successes and opportunities of the initiatives.

B. Latin America is the lowest priority – it is funded now but will be cut to make up for the plan Sanchez 6 (Marcela, “Linking foreign aid and security”, San Diego Tribune, 1/28, http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060128/news_lz1e28sanchez.html Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice … “a national security imperative.”

C. USAID is preventing deforestation in the Amazon Franco 4 - Assistant Administrator, Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean, USAID (Adolfo, "Foreign Assistance Priorities for the Western Hemisphere," 3/2, http://www.ciponline.org/colombia/040302fran.htm) Overall, USAID is programming its development assistance … several South American protected reserves. D. Amazon collapse risks extinction Takacs 96- teaches environmental humanities (history, ethics, justice, politics) in the Institute for Earth Systems Science and Policy at California State (David, “The Idea of Biodiversity: Philosophies of Paradise,” 1996, pg. 200-201) So biodiversity keeps the world running… not with a bang but a whimper.14



Capitalism Kritik
A. Altruistic foreign aid destroys individualism. This collective drive is based on the idea that individuals must sacrifice themselves for the needs of other – destroying value to life. Condottiero 7 (Reference Librarian at the Ludwig von Mises Library, http://homohominilupus.wordpress.com/2007/02/05/altruism-in-foreign-aid-and-family-remittances/) “There is no question that too much aid has … Altruism says: Yes.

B. The politics of self-sacrifice are the driving force behind totalitarian violence—those who do not willingly can be arbitrarily eliminated by the state. Our alternative is to vote negative to reject the politics of the collective and prefer an individualistic approach to foreign aid. Gendered language under erasure. Rand 60 (Ayn, NOT ZIZEK, Philosopher, http://freedomkeys.com/faithandforce.htm) The socialists had a certain kind of logic … to the antithesis of the altruist morality.

Developmental Pornography Developmental pornography is the negative representations of Africa that the affirmative defines as truths. This affliction of catastrophe and chaos transcends image to fact – a frame that perpetuates that 1AC harms. Wallace 5 [Jamie, Oxford, “American Perception of Africa Based on Media Representations”] When we think of Africa, images … distribution in the world (Ebo 1992:17).

Through a process of developmental pornography Africa becomes the object of a genocidal process of dehumanization that is grounded in history’s most extreme atrocities. Sankore 5 [ROTIMI, Editor – International Federation of Journalists, “The Pitfalls and Consequences of Development 'Pornography'”, http://www.bond.org.uk/networker/2005/april05/opinion.htm] Increasingly graphic depictions … to freely define their future.

Sign your ballot negative to reject this cycle of developmental pornography. Rejecting negative representations is a precondition to opening up space for a mode of thinking that is crucial to disconnect American policymaking from the mechanisms of colonialism. Mezzana 5 [Daniele, Sociologist and Researcher – CERFE Group African Research, “A Cancerous Image”] The literature reported in this field has … information on the African reality.

Ethics Kritik
A. Ethical obligations construct the idea that there is one correct mode of thought. This idea culminates in crisis between populations with different ideals, and perpetuating wars to colonize and teach the “correct” ethic. Mark F. N. Franke, University of Northern British Columbia, European Journal of International Relations, 6(3): 307–333, SAGE Publications, “Refusing an Ethical Approach to World Politics in Favour of Political Ethics”, 2k. The grounds that propel International … all humans commonly partake.

B. Ethic must rely on the sovereign for moral order – this reliance on the state homogenizes the citizenry, expanding into tyrannical control, and concludes in the distortion of ethics. Mark F. N. Franke, University of Northern British Columbia, European Journal of International Relations, 6(3): 307–333, SAGE Publications, “Refusing an Ethical Approach to World Politics in Favour of Political Ethics”, 2k. The world of humans is therefore anarchical… for the correction of citizens. C. Sign your ballot negative to reject their discourse of ethical absolutism. Complete rejection is key – their ethical project can only bring us back to the failing system and perpetuate the problem. Ethics are always politically situated – the affirmative is no different. Mark F. N. Franke, University of Northern British Columbia, European Journal of International Relations, 6(3): 307–333, SAGE Publications, “Refusing an Ethical Approach to World Politics in Favour of Political Ethics”, 2k. I therefore reject the project of rethinking … thinkable from the start.