Cathedral+Prep+CH+-+Mike+Carlotti+&+Leo+Hayes+aff

=NDCA Version - DHAPP=

=NDCA 1AC w/ New ADVs=


 * Despite high HIV casualty rates in the South African military, the joint response to the epidemic with the US has been far too sluggish and ineffective. **
 * USA **** Today – 5 ** (“U.S. works with South Africa to fight military AIDS”, 9/19, [|http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2005-09-19-africanmilitaryaids_x.htm)

South Africa  's military has …   Burundi and 1,350 in Congo alone.

DHAPP is getting cut now. APO  (African Press Organization)    10-1-07  ([|http://appablog.wordpress.com/2007/10/01/us-africa-command-advanced-questions-for-general-william-e-%E2%80%9Ckip%E2%80%9D-ward-us-army/)] GENERAL WARD: AFRICOM will continue to … **program**  success Brower and Chalk – 3 (Jennifer and Peter, Policy Analysts – RAND, “ The Global Threat of New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases”, [|http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1602/MR1602.ch3.pdf)]
 * Thus the plan: **
 * The United States federal government should provide necessary resources for the Department of Defense Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Prevention Program in the Republic of South Africa. **
 * Advantage One – The Cape **
 * AIDS is hollowing out the South African military which is undermining its ability to maintain its peacekeeping missions – this guarantees state collapse and widespread conflict .**

Beyond human, economic, and social …in South Africa’s immediate neighborhood. Ryan, Bureai of Medicine and Surgery Public Affairs,   ’04   (Doris, March 12, “Review Highlights Success of HIV/AIDS Prevention in African Militaries” Navy Newsstand, [|http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2004/03/mil-040312-nns02a.htm) 
 * DHAPP’s unique focus on grassroots prevention methods makes it uniquely key to accessing African militaries – anything else would be rejected and fail. **

WASHINGTON (NNS) -- Naval Health Research Center …  the world  ," said Shaffer.  South Africa  , a penitent … but the chance of this is small.  " ==Deutsch, PhD. Political Science and Economics George Mason University, 2k2 (Jeff, “The Nuclear Family Has Become Overextended,” The Rabid Tiger News Letter, volume 2, No. 9, [|http://list.webengr.com/pipermail/picoipo/2002-November/000208.html) ==
 * We’ll isolate two scenarios **
 * First is Proliferation – **
 * Failure of South Africa’s peacekeeping force to effectively manage crises means it goes nuclear. **
 * Schmidt – 6 ** (Michael, //BBC Monitoring//, “Analyst Urges South Africa to Restart its Nuclear Arms Programme”, lexis)
 * And, introducing a nuke into African wars guarantees escalation to nuclear war. **

The Rabid Tiger Project believes that a  …   to follow their client states. And, even a small nuclear war guarantees extinction. Hoffman – 6 (Ian, Oakland Tribune, "'Nuclear winter' looms, experts say," December 12, [|http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4176/is_20061212/ai_n16906378)] Researchers at the American … initial blasts and radiation  __. __    Additionally, it’s empirically proven South Africa will sell the technology to rogue states and non-state groups. Sole – 7    (Sam, //Mail & Guardian//, “State bid for secret nuke trial”, 3-31, [|http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=303432&area=/insight/insight__national/)] The Khan network was … uranium enrichment activities ”. (Victor, Deputy Director for Strategy, Forces and Resources at the Institute for Defense Analyses, Survival, “Proliferation, Missile Defense and American Ambitions”, Volume 44, Number 2, Summer, p. 87-90)
 * Extinction **
 * Utgoff – 2 **

Further, the large number of states that became capable of building .. in the face of nuclear threats. Africa News – 4 (US Department of State, 3-9, Lexis) Africa  is making progress …  training and discussion" of problems like AIDS.
 * Second is Terrorism – **
 * A stable South African peacekeeping force is critical to preventing terrorists from establishing strongholds in Africa – empirically proven .**

Col. Dempsey, Director of African Studies in the Department of National Security and Strategy at the U.S. Army War College,   2K6   (Thomas A., “Counterterrorism In African Failed States: Challenges And Potential Solutions,” Strategic Studies Institute, April 1, [|http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub649.pdf)  Failed states offer …American national interests. Failure to prevent nuclear terrorism risks extinction and WWIII Patrick F. **__ Speice __**, Jr., J.D. Candidate at the Marshall-Wythe School of Law at the College of William and Mary and B.A. 2003 from Wake Forest University and former Cathedral Prep debater, **__ 2006 __** [“Note: Negligence And Nuclear Nonproliferation: Eliminating The Current Liability Barrier To Bilateral U.S.-Russian Nonproliferation Assistance Programs,” //William & Mary Law Review// (47 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 1427), February, Available Online via Lexis-Nexis] The potential consequences of the … and escalate to the use of nuclear weapons. Greg  MILLS , Director of the Brenthurst Foundation,   ET    AL. , Terence McNamee, Director of the Royal United Services Institute for Defense and Security Studies (London), Mauro De Lorenzo, Resident Fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, and Matthew Uttley, Dean of Academic Studies at the UK Join Services Command and Staff College,  2007  ["AFRICOM and African Security: The Globalisation of Security or the Militarisation of Globalisation?," Brenthurst Foundation Discussion Paper, July 13th, Available Online at http://www.aei.org/publications /pubID.26551/ pub_detail.asp, Accessed 10-01-2007] In October 2008, the United … and responds to the security priorities of Africans. Brett D. ** Schaefer **  is Jay Kingham Fellow in International Regulatory Affairs in the Margaret Thatcher Center for Freedom, and Mackenzie M. Eaglen is Senior Policy Analyst for National Security in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies, at the Heritage Foundation  **9-27-**** 07 **  ([|http://www.heritage.org/Research/Africa/upload/wm_1644.pdf)] Chairman Payne makes a fair point …  now filled by critics  **.** The experts, including Charles Minor III, an …  security, and to support African leadership efforts  ."
 * African terrorism represents the greatest risk of nuclear terrorism. **
 * Advantage Two – AFRICOM **
 * AFRICOM is inevitable – it is a question of how effectively it can cooperate with African states. **
 * South African opposition is being echoed throughout the region – it is the lynchpin to success. **
 * The reason for the mistrust is because of mixed signals from the US – the government is yet to declare a set agenda. **
 * Ryan – 3/25 ** (Josiah, //Cross Walk//, “AFRICOM Faces Opposition in Africa, Expert Says”, [|http://www.crosswalk.com/news/11571580/)]

Military humanitarianism can successfully build bilateral relations and trust necessary to mobilize support for US engagement.
James J. Leech , colonel in the U.S. army and M.A. candidate in strategic studies at the U.S. army war college,  2004. [[|http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA424286

The Armed Forces of the … and growth in trust. Sean  MCCARTHY , Lieutenant Commander in the United States Navy and Graduate Student in the Department of Joint Military Operations at the Naval War College,   2007 ["Exercises And Training: The Key To Developing Security Cooperation Under The New U.S. Africa Command," Paper Submitted to the Faculty of the Naval War College, May 10th, Available Online at http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2 /ADA470754, Accessed 10-01-2007] The success that other … maintains these relationships. Paul P.  Cale  , Lieutenant Colonel in the United States Army and Master’s Candidate in Strategic Studies at the United States Army War College   2005   [[|http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA434433 
 * AFRICOM will be shaped by our preexisting relationship with Africa – a new humanitarian agenda will set the focus. **
 * Scenario One – Hegemony **
 * Failure to quickly establish AFRICOM means we won’t be able to maintain our military and economic heg – we control the vital internal link. **

If the United States does …for    the Continent of Africa.

Kagan – 7 (Robert, senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “End of Dreams, Return of History”, 7/19, web)
This is a good thing, and it should continue to be a … influence and global involvement will provide an easier path. Owen and Mueller – 7 (Robert, former chief of the Joint Doctrine Branch at Hq. USAF, and Karl, defense policy analyst at Rand, “Airlift Capabilities for Future U.S. Counterinsurgency Operations,” http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2007/RAND_MG565.pdf, July) The good news is … is daunting indeed. Hobbins – 7 (Gen. William T, Commander, U.S. Air Forces in Europe, “U.S. Air Forces in Europe in the 21st Century,” 7/24, [|http://www.af.mil/library/speeches/speech.asp?id=338)] Change of this magnitude is a tremendous …  further south into the **African continent.** Hobbins – 7 (Gen. William T, Commander, U.S. Air Forces in Europe, “U.S. Air Forces in Europe in the 21st Century,” 7/24, [|http://www.af.mil/library/speeches/speech.asp?id=338)] I recently completed a rotation, also, as the … of the encouraging signs. Morgan – 7 (Steven J., former member of the British Labour Party National Executive Committee, “"Better another Taliban Afghanistan, than a Taliban NUCLEAR Pakistan!?" 6/03, [|http://www.yoursdaily.com/different_views/better_another_taliban_afghanistan_than_a_taliban_nuclear_pakistan) However events may prove him sorely wrong… Russia pitted against the US. , Africa policy analyst at the Congressional Research Service and author of a recent CRS Report on AFRICOM, ’   07  (Lauren, June 14, “AFRICOM: The U.S. Military Consolidates its Efforts in Africa” Center for Strategic and International Studies: Africa Policy Forum, [|http://forums.csis.org/africa/?p=39)
 * Scenario Two – Air Lift **
 * Current air lift missions are stretched to the breaking point – future missions are going to push it over the edge. **
 * Continuing missions from Europe will require using air lift tankers currently dedicated to Iraq and the War on Terror. **
 * Maintaining current commitments is critical to maintain stability. **
 * Nuclear war **
 * A successful AFRICOM would allow us to more efficiently and effectively coordinate our efforts and all our interests in Africa and would take over EUCOM and CENTCOM missions in Africa, solving terrorism, energy access, and instability. **

The Bush  Administration  recently … substantially larger presence in the region.

= = =DHAPP 1AC=

**South Africa** **currently has one of the highest HIV infection rates in the world.**
== Avert – 7 (Avert is an International AIDS Charity, 6-21, [|http://www.avert.org/aidssouthafrica.htm)==

**And, despite high HIV casualty rates in the South African military, the joint response to the epidemic with the US has been far too sluggish and ineffective.**
==**USA** **Today – 5** (“U.S. works with South Africa to fight military AIDS”, 9/19, [|http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2005-09-19-africanmilitaryaids_x.htm) ==

DHAPP is getting cut now.
==APO ** (African Press Organization) **  10-1-07 ** ([|http://appablog.wordpress.com/2007/10/01/us-africa-command-advanced-questions-for-general-william-e-%E2%80%9Ckip%E2%80%9D-ward-us-army/)] ** ==

==**The United States federal government should provide necessary resources for a Department of Defense Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency** **Syndrome Prevention Program in the Republic of South Africa.**==

**AIDS is hollowing out the South African military which is undermining its ability to maintain its peacekeeping missions – this guarantees widespread conflict.**
==Brower and Chalk – 3 (Jennifer and Peter, Policy Analysts – RAND, “ The Global Threat of New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases”, [|http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1602/MR1602.ch3.pdf)] ==

Brower and Chalk ‘03
==(Jennifer and Peter, Policy Analysts – RAND, “The Global Threat of New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases”, [|http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1602/MR1602.ch3.pdf)]==

**African terrorism represents the greatest risk of nuclear terrorism.**
== Col. Dempsey, Director of African Studies in the Department of National Security and Strategy at the U.S. Army War College,  2K6  (Thomas A., “Counterterrorism In African Failed States: Challenges And Potential Solutions,” Strategic Studies Institute, April 1, [|http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub649.pdf)]==

Failure to prevent nuclear terrorism risks extinction and WWIII
==Patrick F. **__ Speice __**, Jr., J.D. Candidate at the Marshall-Wythe School of Law at the College of William and Mary and B.A. 2003 from Wake Forest University and former Cathedral Prep debater, **__ 2006 __**== ==[“Note: Negligence And Nuclear Nonproliferation: Eliminating The Current Liability Barrier To Bilateral U.S.-Russian Nonproliferation Assistance Programs,” //William & Mary Law Review// (47 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 1427), February, Available Online via Lexis-Nexis]==

**Russia** **is nearing an epidemic now.**
== Washington   Post 2K5  (“HIV/AIDS in Russia May Be Triple Official Rate, Report Warns,” Washington Post Foreign Service, January 12, Pg. A15, [|http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A1960-2005Jan11.html)]==

**And, the US is using DHAPP to try and prevent a Russian epidemic from escalating.**
== Col. Holachek , US Army War College Senior Fellow at the Atlantic Council,  ’06  (Jeff, September, “Russia’s Shrinking Population and the Russian Military’s HIV/AIDS Problem” Atlantic Council of the United States, [|http://www.acus.org/docs/0609-HIV_Russian_Military-Holachek.pdf)]==

**A Russian AIDS epidemic will cause economic and governmental collapse.**
== Schneider and Moodie  ,  CSIS Correspondents and Senior African Officials,  ’02  (Mark and Michael, “The Destabilizing Impacts of HIV/AIDS” Center for Strategic and International Studies, [|http://csis.org/africa/0205_DestImp.pdf)]==

**South Africa** **has had a uniquely adverse reaction to AFRICOM – this is prompting them to preemptively block US diplomacy in the region.**
==**Stratfor – 7** (Stratfor is the world’s leading private intelligence company delivering in-depth analysis, assessments and forecasts on global geopolitical, economic, security and public policy issues. A variety of subscription-based access, free intelligence reports and confidential consulting are available for individuals and corporations, //IntelliBriefs//, “South Africa, U.S.: Dueling for Hegemony in Africa”, [|http://intellibriefs.blogspot.com/2007/09/south-africa-us-dueling-for-hegemony-in.html) ==

**Military humanitarianism can successfully build bilateral relations and trust necessary to mobilize support for US engagement.**
== James J. Leech , colonel in the U.S. army and M.A. candidate in strategic studies at the U.S. army war college,  2004. [[|http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA424286 ==

**South Africa** **is critical to AFRICOM’s success overall.**
== Brett D.  **Schaefer**  is Jay Kingham Fellow in International Regulatory Affairs in the Margaret Thatcher Center for Freedom, and Mackenzie M. Eaglen is Senior Policy Analyst for National Security in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies, at The Heritage Foundation  **9-27-07**  ([|http://www.heritage.org/Research/Africa/upload/wm_1644.pdf)]  ==

**A successful, continent-wide AFRICOM is essential to maintaining our economic and military hegemony.**
== Paul P.   Cale  , Lieutenant Colonel in the United States Army and Master’s Candidate in Strategic Studies at the United States Army War College   2005   [[|http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA434433   ==

== This is a good thing, and it should continue to be a primary goal of American foreign policy to … into the future, no one should imagine that a reduction of American power or a retraction of American influence and global involvement will provide an easier path. ==

**DHAPP’s unique focus on grassroots prevention methods makes it key to achieving stability within African states.**
== Ryan , Bureai of Medicine and Surgery Public Affairs,  ’04  (Doris, March 12, “Review Highlights Success of HIV/AIDS Prevention in African Militaries” Navy Newsstand, [|http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2004/03/mil-040312-nns02a.htm)]==

** Observation One – Bush’s Failed Policy Vision **
==** Prior to the Bush Administration, Uganda had an effective prevention strategy to tackle AIDS – But since the inception of the PEPFAR program there has been a reliance on Abstinence Only programs instead of overall prevention causing massive increases in AIDS cases throughout Uganda and the freezing of Condoms programs through the country **==

** Robinson 2007 **
Mark ** Robinson ** , M.A. in Medical Anthropology from University of Chicago and B.A. in linguistics from Northwestern University and is presently a graduate student in the Divinity School at the University of ChicagoDivinity School, University of Chicago 20  ** 07 **   [|http://cas.uchicago.edu /workshops/rrtpm/markr.doc]
 * __By the end of the twentieth century…and behavior change__** .” (Kastaye, 2005)

** Feuer, April 2004 **
Cindra, "Can PEPFAR Save the Most Vulnerable?" amfAR AIDS Research, [|http://www.amfar.org/cgi-bin /iowa/td/feature/record.html ?record=119]
 * __Before PEPFAR…__** said Jacobson.

** Nolen 2006 **
STEPHANIE NOLEN in August 19, 2006 graduate of the University of King's College and the London School of Economics, in Canadian Sociology and Anthropology Association with support from CIDA, "Deadly Disease and Human Suffering “U.S. gets this war right;” As one leading U.S. activist … most evidence.

** Kalinaki May 15, 2007 **
Daniel Kalinaki in May 15, 2007, Tuesday, “THE CONDOM DEBATE”, is a Ugandan journalist with The Monitor newspaper, accessed 6.27.2007 LN,
 * __Uganda's government …__** Uganda Aids Commission.

** Ireland, 2006 **
Doug, TomPaine.com, Veteran Political Analyst, December 1, 2006, ( [|http://www.tompaine.com /articles/2006/12/01/bushs _other_losing_war_aids.php]  )
 * __The world …a killing field__**.

** LaFraniere, June 6, 2007 **
Writer for the New York Times, June 6, 2007. LN.
 * __If current trends …__** Gates Foundation.

** Hunter 2003 **
Susan Hunter, an independent consultant to certain agencies of the United Nations (WHO, UNAIDS, UNICEF), has already published Black Death: AIDS in Africa[1], considered to be one of the best books to have been written about HIV/AIDS, BLACK DEATH: AIDS IN AFRICA, 2003, p. 7
 * __Even if a cure … spreading like wildfire__**.

** Mathiu 2K **
Mutuma, AFRICA NEWS, July 15, [|http://209.85.165.104/search?q] [|�] [|36] [|�] [|cache:6tm_9OIp4c8J:www .healtoronto.com/mbeki/Kommenta re.rtf+Every+age+has+its +killer.+But+Aids+is+without +precedent.+It+is+comparable +only+to+the+Black+Death+of +the+Middle+Ages+in+the+terror +it+evokes+and+the+graves+it +fills.+But+unlike+the+plague, +Aids+does+not+come+at+a+time +of+scientific&hl] [|�] [|37] [|�] [|en&ct=clnk &cd=1&gl=us]
 * __Every age has its killer__** … **__hopelessly in jeopardy__**.

** Cohen and Tate, March 2k5 **
Jonathan Cohen, researcher in the HIV/AIDS and Human Rights Program & Tony Tate, researcher in the Children’s Rights Division of Human Rights Watch, Human Rights Watch, “The Less They Know, the Better Abstinence-Only HIV/AIDS Programs in Uganda”, March 2005 Vol. 17, No. 4
 * __Uganda is unique … AIDS pandemic.__**
 * __Advantage 2 – Structural Violence__**

** Useche and Cabezas 2005 **
(Bernardo Useche and Amalia Cabezas | December 1, 2005, Americas Program, Center for International Policy (CIP), “The Vicious Cycle of AIDS, Poverty, and Neoliberalism”, [|http://americas.irc-online.org /am/2965]  ) World Bank Director … **__a better future__** .”

** Human Rights Watch 2005 **
(The Less They Know, the Better:Abstinence-Only HIV/AIDS Programs in Uganda, March 2005 Vol. 17, No. 4, [|http://hrw.org/reports/2005 /uganda0305/uganda0305.pdf]  ) Finally, **__in highly affected regions,__ __…infection curves__ ."**
 * __Abstinence-only programs …__** to hear about them.”
 * AIDS exacerbates the conditions that sustain poverty and erodes civil society. This results in government abuse of power, political instability, and conflict.**
 * US Institute of Peace – 1** (10/15, web)

** Gilligan 96 **
(James, Professor of Psychiatry at the Harvard Medical School, Director of the Center for the Study of Violence, and a member of the Academic Advisory Council of the National Campaign Against Youth Violence, “Violence: Our Deadly Epidemic and its Causes”, p. 191-196)
 * __The deadliest form …__** cause to effect.

** ( **[|http://www.uaps.org/journal /journal18v1/risk.pdf]** ) **

 * __Uganda is one … about AIDS__** (Finger, 1998).

** World Health Organization, 2000 **
(Health a Key to Prosperity: Success Stories in Developing Countrieshttp: // www.who.int /inf-new/aids2.htm) ////
 * __Uganda's success …__** //between 1989 and 1995.

** Reproductive Health Matters, 2006, ** ** 14(28):6–16 **
Condoms … **__long time coming.__**

** Medical News Today, June 26 2007 **
[|http://www.medicalnewstoday .com/articles/75049.php]
 * __The House__** on Thursday **__…__** (Kaiser Daily HIV/AIDS Report, 6/6).

** Robinson 2007 **
Mark ** Robinson ** , M.A. in Medical Anthropology from University of Chicago and B.A. in linguistics from Northwestern University and is presently a graduate student in the Divinity School at the University of ChicagoDivinity School, University of Chicago 20  ** 07 **   [|http://cas.uchicago.edu /workshops/rrtpm/markr.doc]
 * __Uganda’s moral economy … and economic interests__**.

** AVERT 7-5-07 **
[|http://www.avert.org/pepfar.htm  (AVERT is an intl AID’s charity) In pursuit of rapid results, **__… address them at all.__** "

** Observation Three – Decision Calculus **
==** The negative will try to convince you that preventing large-scale war should be the foremost concern in our decision calculus---this framing distorts ethics into a crisis-driven politics of war---distorting genuine ethics and creating a sphere where the constant threat of war becomes inevitable in order to sustain the militaristic nature of the status quo. **==

** Cuomo 96 **
activist, artist, and Professor of Philosophy and Women's Studies at the University of Cincinnati. She is the author of The Philosopher Queen: Feminist Essays on War, Love, and Knowledge-- (Chris, “War Is Not Just an Event: Reflections on the Significance of Everyday Violence!” hypatia, 1996, Proquest,)
 * __Ethical approaches …war and militarism.__**

** Menand, ** ** Professor of English and American Literature at Harvard, ** ** 2005 **
(Louis, “Everyone’s an Expert,” NEW YORKER [|http://www.newyorker.com /critics/books/articles /051205crbo_books1]  ) Tetlock also has an … draw: Think for yourself.

** Mandelbaum, ** ** American foreign policy professor at the Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University, ** ** 1999 **
(Michael, “Is Major War Obsolete?”,  [|http://www.ciaonet.org/conf /cfr10/]   ) My argument says, tacitly, … **__increasingly, like that.__**

= EVANGELICALS =

** Initially note, Bush’s foreign policy is driven not by what is best for the world but by his self-proclaimed “God’s will”, resulting in apocalyptic scenarios for contemporary problems. **
John B. **// Judis, 2005 //** , Visiting Scholar, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, THE CHOSEN NATION: THE INFLUENCE OF RELIGION IN U.S. FOREIGN POLICY,  [|http://www.carnegieendowment .org/files/PB37.judis.FINAL.pdf] //President George W.// **//__Bush’s second inaugural address …__//** //very specific areas of foreign policy.//

** Robinson 2007 **
Mark ** Robinson ** , M.A. in Medical Anthropology from University of Chicago and B.A. in linguistics from Northwestern University and is presently a graduate student in the Divinity School at the University of ChicagoDivinity School, University of Chicago 20  ** 07 **   [|http://cas.uchicago.edu /workshops/rrtpm/markr.doc]
 * __By the end of the twentieth century, Uganda achieved a formidable feat… behavior change.__** ” (Kastaye, 2005)


 * The Ugandan AIDS crisis is resulting in fundamentalist intervention, mirroring European colonialism that seeks to evangelize the “sexually deviant” Africans and bring modernity to the continent.**

** Robinson 2007 **
Mark ** Robinson ** , M.A. in Medical Anthropology from University of Chicago and B.A. in linguistics from Northwestern University and is presently a graduate student in the Divinity School at the University of ChicagoDivinity School, University of Chicago 20  ** 07 **   [|http://cas.uchicago.edu /workshops/rrtpm/markr.doc] “Evangelical churches are enjoying the crisis… **__thus morality to Africa.__** Yoginder **Sikand**, The Faith of George W. Bush: Christian Supremacy, American Imperialism and Global DisasteR, **2006** , [|http://www.theamericanmuslim .org/tam.php/features/articles /the_faith_of_george_w_bush _christian_supremacy_american _imperialism_and_glo/]
 * This results in every impact imaginable – Bush and the Neocons will go to any lengths to see their twisted agenda realized.**
 * __George Bush’s personal commitment to and sympathy … allowed to remain unchallenged.__**

==** Uganda is a space currently controlled by the medical community and evangelicals. Social binaries of normality and abnormality are established based upon religious ideals of what it is to be “moral” and “pure”. ** ==

** Robinson 2007 **
Mark ** Robinson ** , M.A. in Medical Anthropology from University of Chicago and B.A. in linguistics from Northwestern University and is presently a graduate student in the Divinity School at the University of ChicagoDivinity School, University of Chicago 20  ** 07 **   [|http://cas.uchicago.edu /workshops/rrtpm/markr.doc]
 * __The abstractness of deviance, stigma and meaning…in narratives about HIV/AIDS.__**

==** The AIDS crisis in Uganda allows for those in high political positions have ultimate power over morality – this manifests itself in the will to sacrifice in the name of moral victory against AIDS. ** ==

** Robinson 2007 **
Mark ** Robinson ** , M.A. in Medical Anthropology from University of Chicago and B.A. in linguistics from Northwestern University and is presently a graduate student in the Divinity School at the University of ChicagoDivinity School, University of Chicago 20  ** 07 **   [|http://cas.uchicago.edu /workshops/rrtpm/markr.doc] Although not fully fleshed out… **__Georgio Agamben’s work with Homo Sacer__** (1998). ==** This drive to purify the social body is the root of biopolitics – it is the ultimate power over life and death, inclusion and exclusion. ** ** Edkins – 2k ** (Jeremy, prof. of international politics at the University of Wales, Alternatives  // 25:1, p. 3) // // According to Agamben’s…West possible. // == ==This regulation of life results in endless cycles of violence – the desire purify the social body means that everyone is eventually seen as a threat to perfection, ending in nuclear annihilation. **// Foucault – 78 //**// (Michel, philosopher and chair at the College de France, “The History of Sexuality”, p. 135-37) // // For a long time, one of the characteristic privileges…and the large-scale phenomena of population. //  ==

** ( **[|http://www.uaps.org/journal /journal18v1/risk.pdf]** ) **

 * __Uganda is one of the countries most hit by HIV/AIDS…__** . **__Social marketing campaigns have played a vital role in this together with the increased awareness about AIDS__** (Finger, 1998).

** World Health Organization, 2000 **
(Health a Key to Prosperity: Success Stories in Developing Countrieshttp:www.who.int /inf-new/aids2.htm)
 * __Uganda's success in reducing high HIV infection rates…__** from about 20% to 50% between 1989 and 1995.

** Cohen and Tate, March 2k5 **
Jonathan Cohen, researcher in the HIV/AIDS and Human Rights Program & Tony Tate, researcher in the Children’s Rights Division of Human Rights Watch, Human Rights Watch, “The Less They Know, the Better Abstinence-Only HIV/AIDS Programs in Uganda”, March 2005 Vol. 17, No. 4
 * __Uganda is unique among African nations…the global AIDS pandemic.__**

** Robinson 2007 **
Mark ** Robinson ** , M.A. in Medical Anthropology from University of Chicago and B.A. in linguistics from Northwestern University and is presently a graduate student in the Divinity School at the University of ChicagoDivinity School, University of Chicago 20  ** 07 **   [|http://cas.uchicago.edu /workshops/rrtpm/markr.doc]
 * __Uganda’s moral economy rests upon a material economy…political and economic interests.__**

==** Only a return to condoms can halt fundamentalism – abstinence-only must be rejected. ** ** GREEN LEFT WEEKLY **, June 30,  ** 2004 **  ,  [|http://www.greenleft.org.au /2004/587/32289] **__ Prevention interventions aimed at gay men…needle-exchange programmes, both in the United States and globally. __** == ==** There is no benefit to fundamentalism – foreign aid fails unless it is removed and it will never achieve its end goals anyway. ** Douglas A  ** Feldman ** , applied medical anthropologist, has been active in AIDS research and policy since 1982. His latest book is The AIDS Crisis: A Documentary History (1998), PROBLEMS WITH THE UGANDA MODEL FOR HIV/AIDS PREVENTION, ** 2003 ** ,  [|http://www.aaanet.org/press/an /infocus/hivaids/0310_feldmanai ds.htm]  With $15 billion available …elements of American Christianity. == ==** We must rhetorically interrogate the Bush administration’s use of fundamentalism in foreign policy. ** ** DESERT MORNING NEWS **, February 13,  ** 2003 **  ,  [|http://findarticles.com/p /articles/mi_qn4188/is_20030215 /ai_n11377964]  Princeton religion scholar…  **__ political and civil discourse," Pagels said. __**==

=SCIENCE=

Observation One – Bush’s Failed Policy Vision
==Prior to the Bush Administration, Uganda had an effective prevention strategy to tackle AIDS – But since the inception of the PEPFAR program there has been a reliance on Abstinence Only programs instead of overall prevention causing massive increases in AIDS cases throughout Uganda and the freezing of Condoms programs through the country==

Robinson 2007
== Mark  ** Robinson ** , M.A. in Medical Anthropology from University of Chicago and B.A. in linguistics from Northwestern University and is presently a graduate student in the Divinity School at the University of ChicagoDivinity School, University of Chicago 20  ** 07 **   [|http://cas.uchicago.edu/workshops/rrtpm/markr.doc  By the end of the twentieth century, Uganda achieved a formidable feat…abstinence and behavior change.” (Kastaye, 2005)   ==

Feuer, April 2004
== Cindra, "Can PEPFAR Save the Most Vulnerable?" amfAR AIDS Research, [|http://www.amfar.org/cgi-bin/iowa/td/feature/record.html?record=119  Before PEPFAR, most AIDS funding from the US … factors in their increased risk of infection,” said Jacobson. ==

Nolen 2006
== STEPHANIE NOLEN in August 19, 2006 graduate of the University of King's College and the London School of Economics, in Canadian Sociology and Anthropology Association with support from CIDA, "Deadly Disease and Human Suffering “U.S. gets this war right;”   As one leading U.S. activist said, "You can't say that PEPFAR works, or has done good things… pointedly about condom failure, contrary to most evidence. Observation Two – The Struggle PEPFAR abstinence-only rules are resulting in an ideological shift away from science and towards religion in politics. On top of this, it’s a complete failure. ** Fillinger – 6 ** (Tamera, former foreign service Legal Advisor with USAID, “SYMPOSIUM: THE GLOBAL ADVANCEMENT OF WOMEN: BARRIERS AND BEST PRACTICES: ENHANCING HUMAN SECURITY: U.S. POLICIES AND THEIR HEALTH IMPACT ON WOMEN IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA”,  // University //   // of Maryland Law Journal //   // of Race, Religion, Gender and Class // , 6 RRGC 337, lexis)   PEPFAR represents a dramatic shift in U.S. HIV/AIDS policy - away from prevention and toward treatment, and away from science-based approaches and toward ideologically-motivated programs….a shorthand for promoting Abstinence, Being faithful and using Condoms, and focus only, for example, on abstinence training. Abstinence policies in Africa, and specifically Uganda, are shifting focus away from science-based programs to religious and morality based programs – Africa has become a killing field. ==

Ireland, 2006
== Doug, TomPaine.com, Veteran Political Analyst, December 1, 2006, (  [|http://www.tompaine.com/articles/2006/12/01/bushs_other_losing_war_aids.php)]  The world has failed miserably to meet the goals for AIDS…—where two-thirds of the world's AIDS cases occur—a killing field. ==

Robinson 2007
== Mark  ** Robinson ** , M.A. in Medical Anthropology from University of Chicago and B.A. in linguistics from Northwestern University and is presently a graduate student in the Divinity School at the University of ChicagoDivinity School, University of Chicago 20  ** 07 **   [|http://cas.uchicago.edu/workshops/rrtpm/markr.doc <span] style="font-size: 8pt"> “Evangelical churches are enjoying the crisis we are going through and taking advantage of it to promote abstinence-only programs.” …poses to bring modernity and thus morality to Africa. Abstinence-only policies are resulting in the reorientation of Uganda’s moral economy to redefine HIV/AIDS as a social and religious stigma instead of a disease rooted in science; government morality and religion is trumping science. == == Mark  ** Robinson ** , M.A. in Medical Anthropology from University of Chicago and B.A. in linguistics from Northwestern University and is presently a graduate student in the Divinity School at the University of ChicagoDivinity School, University of Chicago 20  ** 07 **   [|http://cas.uchicago.edu/workshops/rrtpm/markr.doc <span] style="font-size: 8pt"> The abstractness of deviance, stigma and meaning becomes suddenly concrete however when considering the impact of HIV related stigma on rates of HIV testing, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa … place in narratives about HIV/AIDS. AIDS is now becoming an unholy evil that Ugandans must wage perpetual war against – discourse surrounding it is reminiscent of a crusade. == == Mark  ** Robinson ** , M.A. in Medical Anthropology from University of Chicago and B.A. in linguistics from Northwestern University and is presently a graduate student in the Divinity School at the University of ChicagoDivinity School, University of Chicago 20  ** 07 **   [|http://cas.uchicago.edu/workshops/rrtpm/markr.doc <span] style="font-size: 8pt"> In 1992, several years prior to the disappearance of condoms in Uganda, Janet … within what I will call a ‘moral economy.’  Uganda is the global model for religious-based politics – it is the keystone to the global effort. Douglas A Feldman, applied medical anthropologist, has been active in AIDS research and policy since 1982. His latest book is The AIDS Crisis: A Documentary History (1998), PROBLEMS WITH THE UGANDA MODEL FOR HIV/AIDS PREVENTION, 2003, [|http://www.aaanet.org/press/an/infocus/hivaids/0310_feldmanaids.htm <span] style="font-size: 8pt"> With $15 billion available over the next five years from the US for HIV/AIDS prevention,…conservative elements of American Christianity. Religion and science are zero-sum – the worldwide embrace of religion means that science is going to be pushed aside. Sam **__ Harris __** , graduate in philosophy from Stanford University and author of the New York Times bestseller  // The End of // // Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason //  and  // Letter to a Christian Nation //  ,  **__ 2006 __**  [“Science Must Destroy Religion,”  // The Huffington Post //  , January 2nd, Available Online at  [|http://www.huffingtonpost.com/sam-harris/science-must-destroy-reli_b_13153.html <span] class="unhighlightedchar"> , Accessed 02-08-2007]   **__ Most people believe that the Creator of the universe … deepest and most dangerous fractures in our world __**. This makes extinction inevitable – embracing science over ideology is key to realizing a more perfect world order and necessary to come closer to global happiness. The alternative is Hell on Earth. Raymond **__ Tallis __** , Professor of Geriatric Medicine at the University of Manchester,  **__ 1997 __**  [  // Enemies of Hope: A Critique of Contemporary Pessimism //  , Published by Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 0312173261, p. 407-409 BATMAN  // ] // **//__ If we deny or rubbish the progress that mankind has already made… __//**// will not have the last word. // Thus the plan: United States federal government should fund condom social marketing programs in the Republic of Uganda. Observation Three – Solvency Past successes in Uganda prove Condom Social Marketing programs are the best way to combat HIV/AIDS==

([|http://www.uaps.org/journal/journal18v1/risk.pdf)]
Uganda is one of the countries most hit by…played a vital role in this together with the increased awareness about AIDS (Finger, 1998).

World Health Organization, 2000
(Health a Key to Prosperity: Success Stories in Developing Countrieshttp:www.who.int/inf-new/aids2.htm) Uganda's success in reducing high … sex rose from about 20% to 50% between 1989 and 1995.

Reproductive Health Matters, 2006, 14(28):6–16
== Condoms do not equal safe sex, because sex … But they are the best there is and the best there will be for a long time coming. The 2008 Foreign Aid Spending Bill allows the President to waive PEPFAR abstinence spending requirements==

Medical News Today, June 26 2007
[|http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/75049.php <span] style="font-size: 8pt"> The House on Thursday voted … waive it (Kaiser Daily HIV/AIDS Report, 6/6).

Robinson 2007
Mark ** Robinson ** , M.A. in Medical Anthropology from University of Chicago and B.A. in linguistics from Northwestern University and is presently a graduate student in the Divinity School at the University of ChicagoDivinity School, University of Chicago 20  ** 07 **   [|http://cas.uchicago.edu/workshops/rrtpm/markr.doc <span] style="font-size: 8pt">

Uganda’s moral economy rests upon a material economy… U.S political and economic interests.

AVERT 7-5-07
[|http://www.avert.org/pepfar.htm <span] class="unhighlightedchar"> (AVERT is an intl AID’s charity) In pursuit of rapid results, PEPFAR is in some cases taking … don't address them at all.

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