Greenhill+RR+-+Olivia+Rogan+&+Nick+Rogan+aff

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Greenhill RR 1AC – Round 6

Plan: The United States federal government should increase support to the Congo Basin to enact sustainable use regulations concerning the consumption of wildlife.

The US has drastically increased foreign aid to Africa White House Press Release, Feb 2008 “President and Mrs. Bush’s Africa Trip underscores…world’s largest donor of food assistance.”

Adv 1 – Public health Unregulated wildlife consumption represents one of the most important threats to global public health BBC, 3/19/2004 “Hunting for – and eating – primate ‘bushmeat’…public health threats facing humanity.”

The risk of ebola mutation and airborn spread is high Quayle, 1999 [survivalproperty.com/secure_home.htm] “They also discovered that the ebola…looms even closer on the horizon”

Airborne bola would wipe out the world in 6 weeks Preston, 2001 //The Hot Zone// In reality, ebola has not yet made…back and forth between them.”

Central Africa is the key starting point for Ebola and is an ideal location for diseases to spread Bownman, 2003, globe and mail “the bush-meat crisis…time enough to allow for incubation before symptoms emerge.”

Wildlife consumption makes airborn mutations inevitable Cook, 7/17/2003, epw.senate.gov “Restrict the trade (legal or illegal)…enabling them to exploit new hosts”

Unchecked bushmeat consumption makes ebola spread and extinction inevitable Stambakio, 12/4/2007 “and those small warriors, the invisible microorganisms…outbreaks of incurable diseases occur.”

Ad2 – Great apes

The exploding rate of central African bushmeat consumption destroys global biodiversity, foreign assistance is key Agnagna, 7/11/2 fdch “The bushmeat trade takes on enormous proportions…international support would be most welcome.”

We are currently at the tipping point – continued illegal trade makes species extinction inevitable McMurray, 3/5/2008 state.gov “all of this is true. These are the primary threats…are the new ‘blood diamonds.’”

And – a viable population of great apes is critical to develop a cure for alzheimers Daily telegraph, 3/6/6 “prof Blakemore and other senior scientists…parkinson’s, asthma, and in stroke rehabilitation.”

Failure to find a cure for Alzheimers will result in millions of deaths per year, kills 10 million in a generation Reinberg, 3/18/2008 [|www.medicinenet.com] “an estimated 10 million American baby boomers…a new report predicts.”

Sustainable use key to protect apes New scientist 2003 “sustainable ways of hunting bush meat…during hunts for bush meat.”

O3 – North/South Conflict US support for sustainable use increases CITES legitimacy and integrates sustainable use into global protection efforts Krieps, 1996 17 U. Pa J. Int’l Econ. L. 491 “the united states, despite its active involvement…and let it become unsustainable.”

US commitment to sustainable use is critical to prevent inevitable North-South tensions Krieps, 1996 17 U. Pa J. Int’l Econ. L. 491 “the United States should consider supporting the sustainable use of…states representing both sides.”

North-south tensions cause extinction Krieger, 9/15/2006 “North and South are approximations, reflecting both a…treasures in tact to future generations.”

Sustainable use is necessary to resolve north-south disputes over that will independently collapse CITES effectiveness as a tool for conservation Krieps, 1996 17 U. Pa J. Int’l Econ. L. 491 “a final cost involved in preservation…conservation in all of Africa.”

Extinction Kazmar, 2000 6 U.C. Davis J. Int’l L. & Pol’y 105 “learning from the past, the global effort...commencement of the next millennium.”

Solvency US investment in African conservation key – no other actor has experience, knowledge and technical expertise Lapham, 2004 [|www.csis.org] “U.S. foreign policy towards Africa should…from strict protection to sustainable use.”

US assistance is necessary to cement global cooperation to address the bushmeat crisis and direct similar efforts across the world Eves, 2007 30 Environs Envtl. L. & Pol’y J. 245 “recently across central Africa, an expanding commercial…including directing a global partnership.”

US agencies have unique expertise Clark 2k FNS 6/20 “recognizing the important role the United States can play…deliver conservation programs.”

US key to develop regulations that address cross-state and interstate trafficking Kazmar, 2000 6 U.C. Davis J. Int’l L. & Pol’y 105 “despite the appearance of lax…lack of follow-through.”

Promotion of protected areas and sustainable use are the only viable long-term solution WWF 7 “the use of wild animal species as a source of meat…work could be identified.”

= = =SOMALIA MEDICAL TEAMS AFF=

CI – Aid now
US has tripled its public health assistance to Africa and will inevitably expand its military presence X Bates Gill, Chin-hao Hung and J. Stephen Morrison, 01-2007 (“China’s Expanding Role in Afria and Implications for the United States”, Center for International and Strategic Studies, [|http://forums.csis.org/africa/?m200701)] “engagement in Africa….moving forward with plans to create a new Africa command” The US is providing millions of dollars worth of aid to Somalia specifically X Knight 12-17-07 ([|http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Features_34/U_S_Policy_in_the_Horn_of_Africa.shmtl)] “largest bilateral donor of humanitarian…..support of AMISOM deployments”

C2 – Health
The Somalia health care infrastructure is in shambles – there is chronic shortage of health care workers and inadequate training X Randolph 2004 (http://www.csis.org/images/stories/pcr/04_hippel_somalia.pdf “there is a chronic lack of qualified health professionals….upgrade the skills of those in Somalia” Somalian health crisis will result in over 2 million deaths and jeopardize global efforts to contain disease X Betelmal, 2006, [|http://www.who.int/hac/crises/som/releases/drought%20Press%20Release%20Mar%202006%20_4_.pdf] “staggering 2.1 million are in urgent…..more than 2 million people” Terminal impact is extinction X South China Morning Post 01-04-96 “in place of natural….imperil the survival of the human race” Comprehensive package of technical assistance is crucial to restore public health infrastructure in Somalia and ensure delivery of vital services X Von Hippel, 2004 ([|http://www.csis.org/images/stories/pcr/04_hippel_somalia.pdf)] “60 international organizations are supporting…..assistance to Somalia could be maximized if it was linked more…institutional development” Accessibility is not a problem – assistance can effectively reach Somalians X Hess 2007 (hearing of African Affairs Subcommittee of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee) “Access appears to be improving….back in Somalia”

C3 – Terrorism
The US needs to drastically increase humanitarian aid to forge a meaningful relationship with Somalia to prevent terrorism – current aid is insufficient X Cook, 2007, http://www.usip.org/events/2007/somalias_future.pdf “will need to act quickly to avert…opening for expanded U.S. engagement” Medical assistance crucial to win support for current US counterterrorism efforts in Somalia X Feingold and Morrison 2007 (hearing of the African Affairs Subcommittee of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee) “AC-130 attacks could have on the broader political attacks….Somalia out of its current mess” Balancing current hardline approaches with softer measures like health assistance will make US counterterrorism effective X Cook 2007 (url above) “continues to be under pressure to define….chaotic and unstable Somalia that will prove disastrous” Strong relations with Somalians necessary to overall counterterrorism efforts X International Crisis Group Report, 2005 ([|http://www.globalpolicy.org/empire/terrorwar/analysis/205/0711somalia.pdf)] “successful counter-terrorism campaign….terrorist attack against foreign interests” Somalia is a hotspot for global terrorism X Prendergast 2006 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/06/AR2006060601321.html “statelessness in Somalia has already been…..because of shared ideology” An attack would cause immediate US lash out that kills hundreds of millions X Easterbrook Causes extinction X Alexander Terrorists in Somalia can access wmds X CBS News, 2007 http://www.cns.news.com/ViewForeignBureaus.asp?Page=/ForeignBureaus/archive/200707/INT20070706a.html “Africa faces a growing risk…..kind of weapons can find their way” Terrorists already have nukes – they have the potential to inflict mass casualties X Farah, 2005 ([|http://www.brocktonmass.com/news/publish/5000402.shthml)] “government officials are contemplating….assemble additional weapons”

C4 – Civil War
Current US policy that privileges counterterrorism over aid fosters anti-US sentiment and militarization in Somalia xVoice of America, October 2007 (lexis) “transitional authority’s close relationship….suspicious of the US” Inclusion of Islamic moderates crucial to government stability X Africa News June 2007 lexis, Report by Department of State “the main hope for nonmilitary solution…..should not exclude Islamist group” Foreign aid crucial to prevent radicalization of moderate Muslims – the US is the only actor that can reverse the anti-Western sentiment – absent change, Somalia will descent into violence and civil war X Los Angeles Times 2007 (lexis) “without quick diplomacy….subclans that have previously opposed the transitional government is crucial” Civil War in Somalia will quickly draw n countries from all over the world X Venema 2006 [|http://www.geeskaafrika.com/igad2020_10aug06.html)] “looming prospect….proxy war for regional and international actors” The impact is global nuclear war X Deutsch US credibility needed to restore stability in Somalia – no other country has the necessary clout for political reconciliation X Council on Foreign Relations 2006 http://www.cfr.org/publication/13425 “Washington still has a golden….reconstitution of the Somali state” Health assistance can be a key bargaining chip in conflict resolution X Bishai 2007 http://www.usip.org/pubs/usipeace_briefings/2007/0352_public_health.htm “use health as a tool for conflict mitigation….impact on conflict” = = =KENYAN BIOSAFETY AFF=

U.S. has tripled its public health assistance to Africa and will inevitably expand its military presence
Bates **Gill,** Chin-hao **Huang, and** J. Stephen **Morrison** 1/**07** (Freeman Chair in China Studies at CSIS, Researcher with Freeman Chair, Executive Director, HIV/AIDS Task Force and Director, Africa Program, “China’s Expanding Role in Africa and Implications for the United States,” Center for Internatinal and Strategic Studies, [|http://forums.csis.org/africa/?m=200701 )

the us is aggressively increasing its oil trade with africa
[|http://www.ncseonline.org/NLE/CRSreports/07Jun/RL34003.pdf 
 * Ploch **, Analyst in African Affairs, **7**

kenya biotechnology is inevitable but it’s not adopting effective biosafety laws—the plan is crucial to create __comprehensive__ biosafety guidelines—this will be modeled by the rest of africa
[|http://www.scidev.net/dossiers/index.cfm?fuseaction=dossierReadItem&type=3&itemid=623&language=1&dossier=6 
 * Kameri-Mbote, ** Prof of Law @ Intl Envrio Law Research Center in Kenya, **2007**

kenya lacks a comprehensive policy governing the development of biotech
[|http://www.acts.or.ke/pubs/reports/Trainee-Anyango.doc 
 * Anyango and Shiundu, 2k ** (Dept of Botany & Chem @ Univ of Nairobi)

usaid’s biotech strategy is currently insufficient—the us needs to help train african bio-scientists to create sustainable success
[|http://www.africabiotech.com/pdf/Crop-Biotechnology-and-the-African-Farmer.pdf
 * Eicher **, Prof of Ag Economics @ MSU, **2006**

kenya relies on unsustainable slash and burn agriculture to feed its population—this will collapse biodiversity
[|http://www.nationaudio.com/News/DailyNation/220499/Features/XX3.html 
 * Africa News, 99 **

loss of kenyan biodiversity through overuse of land causes worldwide extinction
(Kenya: The Quest for Prosperity) The ODA study warns:__Everywhere__
 * Miller and Yeager **, Africa-Carribean Institute, **94**

biotech key to restoring biodiversity—it’s the only way to avoid excessive land use
[|http://www.botanischergarten.ch/EFB/UNESCO-Biodiv-Biotech-Final.pdf
 * Braun **, Prof of Microbiology @ Univ of Bern, **and Ammann,** Director of the Botanical Garden @ Bern, **96**

prefer our evidence—overwhelming majority of experts conclude that with regulatory action, biotech will have a positive effect on biodiversity
[|http://www.syngentafoundation.org/green_biotechnology.htm 
 * Leisinger **, Executive Director of Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development, **99**

confluence of experts agree that gmos are safe—there has not been a __single__ case of illness or environmental destruction b/c of __regulatory action__
__ Concerns over __ the __health effects__
 * Lacy **, former Executive Director of the Intl Policy Council on Ag, Food, And Trade, **3**
 * ( **// SAIS Review // 23.1 (2003) 181-202—Project Muse)

Sub-Saharan Africa faces the most __severe__ food shortages in the world – access to biotechnology is critical to resolve this
__ The **most food-insecure countries** __
 * __ Trudell __**, J.D. Candidate 2006, **__05__** (Robert H., Fall, Food Security Emergencies And The Power Of Eminent Domain: A Domestic Legal Tool To Treat A Global Problem, 33 Syracuse J. Int'l L. & Com. 277, Lexis)

land pressure is exacerbating soil erosion in kenya and the rest of africa—causes massive crop decreases
[|http://www.forests.org/archive/africa/soerthre.htm
 * Hanyona **, Writer for the Earth Times, **1**

this makes global war inevitable—food shortages are the __root cause__ of international violence
[|http://www.iht.com/articles/1999/06/17/edcarter.2.t.php 
 * Jimmy Carter **, Chair of Carter Center, **94**

impact is extinction
[|http://www.ianr.unl.edu/ianr/csas/v6ch8.htm 
 * Francis **, Ag research @ U Nebraska, **94**

kenya biotech development spillsover throughout africa
[|http://www.isaaa.org/Resources/Publications/about_isaaa/Annual_report96/Annual_report96_5.htm 
 * Nidiritu **, Director of KARI, **96**

Success in sub-Saharan Africa will be modeled internationally
[|http://www.scidev.net/dossiers/index.cfm?fuseaction=specifictopics&dossier=6&topic=189 
 * Glover, 7 **

Chassey, Associate Director of The Biotch Center @ the Univ of Illinois, 3
[|http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0903/ijee/chassy.htm 

biotechnology prevents soil erosion—reduces tillage and pesticide use
(Journal of Agrobiotech Management & Economics Vol.2 No.3/4 Article. 4) __ The argument that adoption of biotechnology crops __
 * McGloughlin **, Prof @ Univ of California Davis, **99**

genetic diversity in agriculture is collapsing—only effective utilization of biotechnology can avert monoculture
(The Last Harvest: The Genetic Gamble that Threatens to Destroy American Agriculture) By focusing on a handful of the very best varieties
 * Raeburn **, award-winning science writer, **95**

causes extintion
(“Shattering: Food, Politics, and the Loss of Genetic Diversity”) __ While many may ponder the consequences of __
 * Fowler **, Ph.D. Center for Intl Enviro & Development Studies, **and Mooney**, Ph.D. in Sociology, **90**

development of biosafety in kenya is crucial to maximize the use of local germplasm that protects genetic diversity
[|http://bio.org/foodag/action/20030326.asp?p=yes  Juma, 89 (Calestous, The Gene Hunters) “Kenya is one of the few African countries”
 * Wambugu **, President of Harvest Biotech Foundation International, **6**
 * KEY TO GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY **

an increase in us involvement is vital to counter the change of european influence that prevents biotech developments
[|http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/cia/nic2020/technology_adoption_nov6.pdf 
 * Paarlberg, ** Prof of Poli Sci @ Wellesley, **2003**

us key—it’s the world leader in biotech

 * Sheldon, ** Prof of Ag Enviro & Development Economics, **2k** (Ian M., Journal of Agrobiotechnology Management & Economics Vol.3 No.1 Article7) [|http://www.agbioforum.org/v3n1/v3n1a07-lavoie.htm</span]>

== Us capacity building assistance is crucial to build collaborative networks with developing countries that allow the us to fully utilize international genetic varieties---only by __directly working__ with other countries can we diversify us agriculture == (Bioscience, December) Advances in US agriculture provide an extraordinary example
 * Cummings, ** Coordinator for Intl Research-AID, **91**

2AC ON LoST:
non-uniques no links only turns-biotech proposals will be spun as Bipartisan Economic development and be disassociated from th negitive issues Plein 91 (Science, Technology & Human Values, Vol. 16, No. 4, 474-490) The other dimension of economic development is international competition Bipartisan and public support for biotech Genertic Engineering & Bi0tech News 7 ( [|http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=1979&chid=4)] They are very congnizant of the need to stimulate new technology Biotech popular in Congress Plein 92 (Science, Technology & Human Values, Vol. 16, No. 4, 474-490) She attributed this change to the growing acceptance of biotechnology by citizens and policymakers alike. Plan popualr with the public Lawrence 6 ( [|http://www.africabiotech.com/news2/article</span]> .php?uid=150) Americans overwhelmingly supprt initiatives aimed at increasing agricultural And it turns the link public key to poli cap National Journal’s congressDaily 05 The question of Bush’s approval rating is hardly an academic exercise

2AC Answers
Order – T, Heg, Egypt, Trade Off DA, K

No we meet, just rolled with counter interp, competing interps bad, we are T later in block

Their cards only assume the squo, inevitability claims, case solves = main args against the case, Plan is a shift away from the norm Reads a lot of cards back to all args At: Australia – Heg in the sqou and hasn’t happened yet – alt severs all relations

Extended Egypt advantage

DA – NU, not on chopping block, congressional earmarks link turn, conflict has been on brink for ever – case solves cuz water is cause, we solve escalation. Keagan.

K – Policy F/w No link – don’t do security – its water No link Critisicm marginalizes Africa in colonialism 86 Aff helps them and they asked so not bad Cant solve water crisis min Africa the alt fails Fiating Africa bad for debating Perm – reject every instance except ours International fiat illigit C/I – they only get one K