Coppell+BK+-+Pavan+Krishnamurthy+&+Risha+Bhattacharjee+aff

=Palliative Care= Stage 1 is Depression Initially note, current aid focuses on prolonging life rather than listening to the African’s wishes of dying a peaceful death at home. Gerald Onyewuchi Onukwugha, professor at St. Mary’s Seminary and University, 10/7/07, “Death and Dying in the African Context.” Even though statistics show many people prefer a quick and painless death, ideally while one is asleep, it is different in Africa… recognize the values of the African patient, who values highly the sanctity of life.

Palliative care is a crucial part of quality HIV/AIDS care Richard Harding, Research Fellow, Department of Palliative Care and Policy, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' Medical School, King's College, London, 4/7/04, “News Report on Palliative Care.” Palliative care is increasingly recognised as a required component for quality HIV… and spiritual wellbeing (2).

And, palliative care is a key part of preventing HIV/AIDS Kathleen M. Foley, Attending Neurologist at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 12/07/02, “How Much Palliative Care Do We Need?” < http://209.85.165.104/search?q=cache:lfedByHSDwAJ:health.osf.lt/downloads/news/Foley-2Dec%255B1%255D.2002-How-Much-Palliative-Care-Do-We-Need.doc+palliative+care+sub-Saharan+Africa+US+needs+to+do+it&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=5&gl=us> Yet in these discussions, little attention has been focused on the critical role of palliative care … AIDS and tuberculosis.

Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase its assistance of palliative care programs to patients afflicted by Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome to so-called sub-Saharan Africa.

Stage 2 is Anger Palliative care is key to empowerment of the victims of HIV/AIDS by focusing on the patient instead of their disease Robert G. Twycross, MD Oxford University, 11 July 2006, “End of Life Care: Unmet Needs and Worldwide Challenge” < http://2006.confex.com/uicc/uicc/techprogram/P194.HTM> An essential feature of palliative care is a patient-[centered] approach … demoralized patients, both speed and time is of the essence. As one patient is reported as saying:

Stage 3 is Depression The ultimate tragedy of life is not death, but life without a value Robert G. Twycross, MD Oxford University, 11 July 2006, “End of Life Care: Unmet Needs and Worldwide Challenge”. A promise we can keep and a hope we can give is the certainty that no man or … and of suffering.

Stage 4 is Bargaining The U.S. has to do the plan. 3 reasons. A. Innovation Marconi K, prof at Columbia Univ, 2002, “Innovations in Models of Palliative Care”  An initiative by the HIV/AIDS Bureau, Health Resources and Services Admin ... with an appreciation of the life circumstances of the affected population.

B. Training Kathryn McConnell, Washington File Staff Writer, 31 October 2006, “U.S. Philanthropy Boosting Training in Palliative Care”  U.S. philanthropy is supporting efforts to help health care providers in Jordan … they begin to treat people who are nearing the end of their lives, Wheeler said.

C. Modeling Health Gap, January 1 2006, “Urgent Call on US Initiative on Health Workforce on AIDS-Impacted Countries”  Urgent Call for U.S. Initiative on Health Workforce in AIDS-Impacted Countries … NigeriaEmpowerment Network, Nigeria HIV/AIDS Alliance (YOHA), Nigeria

Stage 5 is Acceptance American culture treats death as a taboo. We must realize death is an inevitable process of living and that finding a meaning for our lives is much more crucial. Palliative care is critical to discovering a new meaning of our lives and increasing the quality of our lives – even when the end is approaching. We must move past our fear of death. Jimmie Holland, Chief of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York, and a professor of psychiatry at Cornell University Medical College, 2004, “The Last Taboo”  Talking about the deeper meaning of life and death is still a taboo … soon, exploring the meaning of life and death will no longer be taboo.

And, society has become suppressed by its inherent fear of dying. Americans are fighting a new war on the western front, one against death itself. Steven I. Friedland, Professor of Law at Nova Southeastern University, Shepard Broad Law Center, Cleveland State University Journal of Law and Health, 10 J.L. & Health 95, 1995/1996 The demise of the belief in the good death has prompted the adoption of a new form of heroism … death, in turn, has spurred its avoidance. Humans use political ideology in order to preserve their lives. They demand that the slaughter of their enemies is as part of an impossible quest to destroy death itself. War itself is not the issue but rather the drive behind it. Louis Rene Beres, Professor of International Law at Purdue, International Journal on World Peace, No. 3, Volume 16, September 1st, 1999 Behind the play of nations and their wars lies the wish of individual citizens … is spawned by the primal terror of individuals, but it is their fate to create necropolis.

While it may be impossible to eliminate fear of death – we must reorient ourselves to accept death. Randall Horton, physician specialized in treating HIV/AIDS, May 23 2007, “Becoming Familiar with Death”  Although every human is ultimately successful at achieving death … face death head on and in close proximity.

And, Err on the side of probable impacts - their so called experts don’t understand the future of political affairs and cannot accurately predict events. Menand 2005 (Louis ,phd Colombia and Robert M. and Anne T. Bass Professor of English and American Literature and Language at Harvard University., The New Yorker, 12-05-2005, http://www.newyorker.com/critics/content/articles/051205crbo_books1 ) Prediction is one of the pleasures of life. Conversation would wither without it. “It won’t last. She’ll dump him in a month … reluctant to draw: Think for yourself.

And, major war is obsolete – multiple factors prevent escalation and conflict. Mandelbaum, American foreign policy professor at the Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University, 1999 (Michael, “Is Major War Obsolete?”, [|http://www.ciaonet.org/conf/cfr10/)] My argument says, tacitly, that while this point of view, which was widely believed 100 years ago, was not true then, there are reasons to think that it is true … haltingly but increasingly, like that.

And, don’t buy the negative’s politically-based arguments – it is empirically a manipulation of the public’s fear of death to achieve certain political goals. John B. Judis, staffwriter for The New Republic, 08.17.07 “HOW POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY EXPLAINS BUSH'S GHASTLY SUCCESS.” https://ssl.tnr.com/p/docsub.mhtml?i=20070827&s=judis082707 The latest issue of the New Republic has a fascinating article, which discusses … wide-ranging multidimensional mortality salience induction.”

And, suppressing phrase like “sub-Saharan” because it is offensive preserves its injurious meaning – only by using the language can space be opened to reconstruct a more humane meaning. John Agnew, professor at University of California, Los Angeles, “Progress in Human Geography,” 28,5 (2004) pp. 619–640. The question inevitably arises as to whether using an old word … but with his failure to note its novelty.

Furthermore, health assistance is inevitable – people want assistance – the question should not be whether but how to give aid Richard Peet, BSc (economics from the London School of Economic, 1999, “Theories of Development”) In the case of development, however, the ethical problems … depending on circumstance.

And, the status quo’s conception of death emphasizes the management and control of the body – the plan’s reorientation of death solves the biopolitics of control David Wendell Moller, Professor of sociology at School of Liberal Arts, 2000 “Fear and Denial of Death”. The fear of dying is intensified because dying persons are defiled, … and kept under control.

Shred your disads – public health assistance was just increased. 

Racism Add – On

A. End of life care is key to breaking down racial disparities in health care Duke Institute on Care at the End of Life. “Initiative to Improve Palliative Care for African Americans (IIPCA)” 2004, http://www.iceol.duke.edu/resources/lastmiles/papers/02_print.html> Major challenges face African American individuals and communities …

B. Continued colonialism contributes to immeasurable dehumanization Nobel Peace Prize laureate, Archbishop Desmond Tutu 5 September 2001 Ecumenical caucus statement at World Conference Against Racism [|http://www.oikoumene.org/index.php?id=2442.)] Racism dehumanizes, disempowers, marginalizes and impoverishes human beings. ... of resources, and the decimation of communities and nations.

= = =Reparations Aff=
 * Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase its public health assistance to so-called sub-Saharan Africa.**


 * Chapter 1: The Apartheid Past**
 * The public health failures in Africa are a result of ongoing US colonialism. The US must address the question of reparations to recognize and reconcile centuries of apartheid.**
 * __Africa__** **__Action__** "Reparations" **__2007 (__**[|http://www.africaaction.org/resources/issues/reparations.php)]

“Today’s massive global inequalities. …. . …. consequences of centuries of global apartheid.”

Steve **__Miller,__** The Washington Times, September 11, 200**__1.__** “"We can document, to this day,….. to rebuilding public health systems in Africa.”
 * And, the on-going colonial effects on Africa's public health demands assistance as reparations.**

M. Shamsul **__Haque__**, PhD in Public Administration from University of Souther Californa, **__1999__** (“Restructuring Development Theories and Policies”)
 * Public Health assistance development is necessary for autonomy from the politico-economic hegemony the counterplan re-entrenches.**

“Following such a theoretical restructuring…”

Nobel Peace Prize laureate, Archbishop Desmond **__Tutu__** 5 September 200**__1__** Ecumenical caucus statement at World Conference Against Racism [|http://www.oikoumene.org/index.php?id=2442.)] “Racism dehumanizes, disempowers, marginalizes….. the victims of racism, past and present.”
 * And, this continued colonialism contributes to immeasurable dehumanization and death**


 * Chapter 2: We must confront our privilege**

Lucy **__Jarosz__**, University of Washington Department of Geography, 19**__92__**, Geografiska Annaler Series B Human Geography, Vol. 74, No. 2., p. 105-115, JSTOR
 * Representation shapes the way policies towards Africa are created – representations of Africa as the "Other" justifies cultural domination – we must question our framing and representations in the context of Africa.**

“Writing and representations are at the heart of…”

Riat **__Abrahamsen__**, Department of Internatino Politics – University of Wales, 200**__5__**, Alternatives 30, Blair's Africa: "The Polics of Securitization of Fear" // “The process of securitization does not necessarily…” // //** Even if we didn’t commit the racist acts we still must hold the government responsible because of the economic benefits of colonialism **// //**__ Human right watch, 2001 __**////** ( **//An Approach to Reparations, [|**http://hrw.org/english/docs/2001/07/19/global285.htm**]
 * We must not make excuses, Putting ourselves first continues colonialism****, these excuses are the cause of violence in Africa.**

“Once the appropriate beneficiaries of reparations…. since they, too, presumably have benefited from the advanced economy they joined.”

Martha **Biondi**, member of the Department of African American Studies, **2003** “The Rise of the Reparations Movement”, http://rhr.dukejournals.org/cgi/reprint/2003/87/5.pdf
 * All of the reasons why reparations could be impractical just describe the necessity for reparations.**

Nicholas **__Soucy__** © 20**__04.__** Historical Lies & Excuses: An Examination of the Illogical Justification for Bigotry http://www.ethicalatheist.com/docs/bigotry_article.html
 * And, many arguments against action should be considered as nothing more than excuses for racism. The response is to confront racism by acting and taking steps to avoid the excuses.**

“As decades pass and as critical evaluation of historical documents is done…. responsibility for choosing immorality, and working to deny this choice in the future.”


 * And,** Err of the side of probable impacts - their so called experts don’t understand the future of political affairs and cannot accurately predict events. They are as accurate as monkey’s throwing dart.
 * __Menand 2005 (__**Louis ,phd Colombia and Robert M. and Anne T. Bass Professor of English and American Literature and Language at [|Harvard University]., The New Yorker, 12-05-2005, http://www.newyorker.com/critics/content/articles/051205crbo_books1 )

Prediction is one of the pleasures of life. Conversation would wither without it… Think for yourself.”

John **__Agnew__**, professor at University of California, Los Angeles, “Progress in Human Geography,” 28,5 (20**__04__**) pp. 619–640.
 * And, suppressing phrase like “sub-Saharan” because it is offensive preserves its injurious meaning – only by using the language can space be opened to reconstruct a more humane meaning – terms like ‘so-called’ are key to acknowledge the arbitrariness of colonially constructed boundaries.**

“The question inevitably arises as to…. but with his failure to note its novelty.” Salih **__Booker,__** executive director of Africa Action. June 19, 200**__3__** (Who owes whom? AIDS and reparations [|Christian Science Monitor], [|http://www.africaaction.org/desk/csm0306.htm).] “The movement for reparations in the US… that the AIDS pandemic requires.”
 * Finally, a discourse of reparations is necessary to breakdown the colonial relationship with Africa, responses should not be to fear spending we can not** **increase taxes or interest rates not reject reparations, rather realize voting aff is to reject all colonialism.**

Richard **__Peet__**, BSc (economics from the London School of Economic, 19**__99__**, “Theories of Development”)
 * Health assistance is inevitable – people want assistance – the question should not be whether but how to give aid**

“In the case of development, however…. it emerges in quit different forms depending on circumstance.”


 * Major war is obsolete – there’s no risk of war between powerful members of the international system due to the high costs of war and the steep decline in the rewards from winning**
 * __Mandelbaum 99__** (Michael Mandelbaum, Prof. American Foreign Policy John Hopkins University, Spring 1999, “Is major war obsolete?” Survival Vol: 48)

“It is major war, not war in general…. of fighting a major war: and a steep decline in the rewards of winning one.” = = =PEPFAR Rapid Impact Packages Aff= The status quo focus on HIV/AIDS, malaria, and TB has led to the disregard of some of the most devastating diseases in Africa** Peter J. **__Hotez__**, Professor of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, and of International Affairs at George Washington University and the Sabin Vaccine Institute, **__No Date Given__**, “Neglected Tropical Diseases Initiative.” __The World Health Organization …geographic isolation and intense poverty__. ==The impact is half a million deaths annually __Public Library of Science__, January 31, 20__06__, “Incorporating a Rapid-Impact Package for Neglected Tropical Diseases with Programs for HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria”== __The burden of disease resulting …__ behind lower respiratory infections, HIV/AIDS, and diarrheal diseases (Table The New England **Journal of Medicine**, September 6, 20**07**, Volume 357:1018-1027, “Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases” __Populations in such regions …. treated for $400 million or less annually.__ Peter J. **__Hotez__**, Professor of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, and of International Affairs at George Washington University and the Sabin Vaccine Institute, Winter/Spring 20**__06__**, “The Biblical Diseases and U.S. Vaccine Diplomacy,” //Brown Journal of World Affairs//, Volume XII, Issue 2. Former secretary of state Henry Kissinger …. __important area of international diplomacy__. __The United States is in … infrastructure in the developing world.__
 * Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase the number of Rapid Impact Packages it sends through the President’s Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief to so-called sub-Saharan Africa.**
 * __ Contention 1: The Forgotten Epidemic __**
 * Rapid Impact Packages are the only effective way to lessen the devastating effects of NTD’s in sub-Saharan Africa – low price, effective medicine, and coordination.**
 * And, forming a coherent policy to help treat NTD’s is key to US global health leadership**
 * The US is uniquely situated to take the leading role in the worldwide goal to eradicate major diseases**
 * Scojo Vision**, LLC and Co-Founder and Chairman, Scojo Foundation, Council on Foreign Relations, May 20**01**, “Why Health is Important to U.S. Foreign Policy.”

John **__Agnew__**, professor at University of California, Los Angeles, “Progress in Human Geography,” 28,5 (20**__04__**) pp. 619–640. John J. **__Mearsheimer__**, professor of political science at the University of Chicago. “The False Promise of International Institutions.” //International Security//, Vol. 19, No. 3., Winter 94/**__95__**. [Bhattacharjee] Peter J. **__Hotez__**, **__Professor of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, and of International Affairs at George Washington University and the Sabin Vaccine Institute__**, Winter/Spring 20**__06__**, “The Biblical Diseases and U.S. Vaccine Diplomacy,” //Brown Journal of World Affairs//, Volume XII, Issue 2. __Former national security ….__ and Latin America are at risk for NTDs. Joshua **__Kurlantzick__**, visiting scholar for Carnegie Mellon University, “Charm Offensive: How China’s Soft Power is Transforming the World,” 20**__07__**, What’s sad about Kurlantzick’s account is the sorry story …. __is to leverage our skills in combating disease.__ Reiffel//, 5//** (Lex, Visiting Fellow at the Global Economy and Development Center of the Brookings Institution, The Brookings Institution, Reaching Out: Americans Serving Overseas, 12-27-2005, [|//www.brookings.edu/views/papers /20051207rieffel.pdf//])
 * And, suppressing phrase like “sub-Saharan” because it is offensive preserves its injurious meaning – only by using the language can space be opened to reconstruct a more humane meaning – terms like ‘so-called’ are key to acknowledge the arbitrariness of colonially constructed boundaries.**
 * __ Contention 2: The Great Power War __**
 * Initially note, realism is inevitable due to the nature of international relations**
 * Scenario 1: Public Health Diplomacy **
 * Due to the prevalence of NTD’s throughout the world, United States focus on treating them is a great way to increase US soft power and hegemony**
 * Building upon the PEPFAR will help the U.S. rekindle international partnerships and create a sustainable foundation for benevolent hegemony**
 * __The Lancet__ –** 20**__05__** (Editorial, “America at home and abroad,” Jan 1-Jan 7, 2005, vol. 365, no. 945, Proquest)
 * And, a new American global health commitment is critical to rebuilding our image abroad – prefer our evidence, it takes the negative’s so-called alternate causalities into account**
 * The impact to soft power is nuclear proliferation, environmental destruction, failed states and diseases

Owen **Harries**, visiting fellow at the Lowy Institute in Sydney, 10/19/**07**, “Bush not the only problem” < http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22609649-7583,00.html> __But perhaps the most dangerous ….problem of global terrorism, which is real enough__ even if it is sometimes grossly exaggerated. __New York Times__**, **__1/28__**/08, “Waving Goodbye to Hegemony” < http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/27/magazine/27world-t.html?_r=1&ref=magazine&pagewanted=print> __Turn on the TV today, …..__ Let’s hope whoever is sworn in as the next American president understands this. Philip **__Gordon__**, Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution, July/August 20**__06__**, Foreign Affairs, “The End of the Bush Revolution,” p. lexis The more likely course is ….. __considerably worse__.
 * Additionally – soft power is key to US hegemony**
 * __Nye__,** dean of the Kennedy school of government at Harvard, 20**__03__** (Joseph, “U.S. power and strategy after Iraq” Foreign Affairs, Jul/Aug)
 * And, US hegemony is critical to preventing global warming, nuclear proliferation, and terrorism – the alternative to unipolarity really is apolarity**
 * Scenario 2: Put Away Your Impact Turns **
 * It is no longer a question of hegemony being good or bad. US hegemony is literally on the brink of collapse – we must begin acting now in matters of public health diplomacy and foreign aid because the alternative to unipolarity is truly apolarity – prefer our evidence – it’s the most recent and qualified and empirically proves why hegemony is good
 * And, withdrawal is not an option – it will only lead to more instability**
 * __Thayer__** 20**__06__** [Bradley A., Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Minnesota, Duluth, The National Interest, November -December, “In Defense of Primacy”, lexis]
 * And, US power projection is inevitable – it’s only a question of effectiveness**

[Michael, Carr professor of human rights at Harvard, 2004 //Lesser Evils// p. 18-19] Michael **__Ignatieff__**, Carr professor of human rights at Harvard, 20**__04__** “Lesser Evils” Pages 20-21. As for __moral perfectionism, ….to betray another__. [Ruth Lessl, Associate Professor of Political Science at Texas A&M, //Political Theory and Partisan Politics//, p. 181-2] To sum up the argument thus far, __…. these judgements.__
 * __ Contention 3: Put Away Your Kritiks __**
 * Our interpretation is that the negative must defend a competitive policy option or the status quo versus a topical affirmative to be evaluated on the basis of the consequences of adoption. It is critical that the negative initiates a framework debate in the 1NC. Leaving questions of fiat for the block encourages sandbagging which kills education because the best arguments would be left for the last speeches. Additionally there is unique 1AR time skew which is a unique voting issue for fairness.**
 * Our framework is best for a few reasons.**
 * First is ground – the negative will always win that the principles of their advocacy are good in the abstract – we can only debate the merits of their framework if they defend the specific consequences of political implementation.**
 * Second is Limits – the fairness of the negative’s advocacy must precede consideration of its merits or else all contestation is meaningless**
 * __Shively 2K__**
 * Third is Topical Education – By manipulating the topic to access their criticism they skirt debate about the implementation of policies by the government. Their education is distrusting of institutional study and pragmatic reform. Even if their intentions are noble, their message results in fascist totalitarianism**

=**Reparations ARV's Aff**=
 * Africa** **has been unfairly targeted consistently throughout the centuries. We must address these consequences of our ongoing imperialist impulses. As a process of recognizing the past mistakes of the United States we advocate that: the United States federal government should substantially increase the number of Combivir tablets it sends to the African places designated by the 2007-2008 National Forensics League Policy Debate Resolution.**


 * Chapter 1: The Apartheid Past**
 * The public health failures in Africa are a result of ongoing US colonialism. The US must address the question of reparations to recognize and reconcile centuries of apartheid.**
 * __Africa__** **__Action__** "Reparations" **__2007 (__**http://www.africaaction.org/resources/issues/reparations.php)

__Today’s massive global inequalities … of global apartheid. __

Steve **__Miller,__** The Washington Times, September 11, 200**__1.__** "We can document, to this day, …. **__ public health systems in Africa __****__.__**
 * And, the on-going colonial effects on Africa's public health demands assistance as reparations.**

Nobel Peace Prize laureate, Archbishop Desmond **__Tutu__** 5 September 200**__1__** Ecumenical caucus statement at World Conference Against Racism http://www.oikoumene.org/index.php?id=2442.) __Racism dehumanizes, ____… racism, past and present.__
 * And, continued colonialism contributes to immeasurable dehumanization and death**

__Never in human history … to all of humankind.__
 * Additionally, we have a moral obligation to affirm human dignity in Africa – to not send aid is the equivalent of watching a child drown in a bathtub- we must always do everything we can to satisfy our ethical obligation to the other.**
 * __AMSA IHN__**, (Australia Medical Students Association International Health Network), 9-9-20**__06 __** (“A Moral Obligation toward the Poor – HUMANITY”, by HammishGraham, http://www.ihealthnet.net/node/84)

Richard A. **__Cohen__**, the Isaac Swift Distinguished Professor of Judaic Studies at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 20**__01__** (“Ethics, Exegesis, and Philosophy: Interpretation after Levinas,” Cambridge University Press) __The human is not a …a reason for living .__ __Dillon 99__** **(Michael, Professor of IR @ Lancaster, "Another Justice" //Political Theory//, Vol. 27, No. 2. April, pp. 165)** __Economies of evaluation ….whatever exceeds measure ."__
 * Affirming our obligation to the other is a pre-requisite to affirming life**
 * The impact to a framework where calculative justifications are the determination of our ethics is the devaluation of all life to the zero point, where the Holocaust is possible.


 * Chapter 2: Confronting our Privilege**

Lucy **__Jarosz __**, University of Washington Department of Geography, 19**__92 __**, Geografiska Annaler Series B Human Geography, Vol. 74, No. 2., p. 105-115, JSTOR
 * Representation shapes the way policies towards Africa are created – representations of Africa as the "Other" justifies cultural domination – we must question our framing and representations in the context of Africa.**

__Writing and <span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial">representation are ….__ persistence and __proliferation__ in various discourses.

Salih **__Booker,__** executive director of Africa Action. June 19, 200**__3__** ( Who owes whom? AIDS and reparations [|Christian Science Monitor], http://www.africaaction.org/desk/csm0306.htm). The movement for …. __<span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial"> AIDS pandemic requires .__
 * A discourse of reparations is necessary to breakdown the colonial relationship with Africa, responses should not be to fear spending, rather realize voting aff is to reject all colonialism.**

More than 20 years … __<span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial">restoration of the immune system. __
 * Put away your ARV bad turns – they rock**
 * __<span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial">Doctors without Borders 3 __** ( Vol. 7, No. 4. “Special Issue on HIV/AIDS ALERT”, pg 4. Winter 2003. http://www.doctorswithoutborders-usa.org/publications/alert/2003/alert_12-2003.pdf)

Riat **__Abrahamsen__**, Department of International Politics – University of Wales, 200**__5__**, Alternatives 30, Blair's Africa: "The Politics of Securitization of Fear"
 * We must not make excuses, Putting ourselves first continues colonialism****, these excuses are the cause of violence in Africa.**

// The process of securitization … ////__ contribute to their solution. __// Richard **__<span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial">Peet __**, BSc (economics from the London School of Economic, 19**__<span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial">99 __**, “Theories of Development”)
 * Health assistance is inevitable – people want assistance – the question should not be whether but how to give aid**

<span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial">In the case of development, … depending on circumstance.

Prediction is one of the pleasures … __there might be a way of raising the standard.__
 * And, err of the side of probable impacts - their so called experts don’t understand the future of political affairs and cannot accurately predict events. They are as accurate as monkey’s throwing dart. **
 * __<span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial">Menand 200<span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial">5 (__**Louis ,phd Colombia and Robert M. and Anne T. Bass Professor of English and American Literature and Language at [|Harvard University]., The New Yorker, 12-05-2005, http://www.newyorker.com/critics/content/articles/051205crbo_books1 )

My argument says, tacitly, …. __but increasingly, like that.__
 * Major war is obsolete – multiple factors prevent escalation and conflict.**
 * __Mandelbaum__,** American foreign policy professor at the Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University, 19**__99__** (Michael, “Is Major War Obsolete?”, http://www.ciaonet.org/conf/cfr10/)


 * Foreign Aid High***