Groves+BG+-+Sophia+Goren+&+Maya+Bhardwaj+aff

Groves BG - Affirmative - Ebola - round 3 vs Notre Dame BP

CONTENTION ONE IS INHERENCY – EBOLA IS EXPLODING IN THE CONGO IN THE STATUS QUO DUE TO INEFFECTIVE MEDICAL TEAMS AND POOR MONITORING SYSTEMS. Washington Post 7. [9/17/07 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/18/AR2007091801047.html] a remote region of central Congo… and avoid other infections,"

AND EFFORTS TO SOLVE EBOLA ARE HODGE PODGE – RESEARCHERS ARE TRYING TO DO MORE WITH LESS RESOURCES WHICH IS COMPROMISING EFFORTS TO LOCATE AND CONTROL EBOLA IN SUB SAHARAN AFRICA – ONLY A CONCERTED SUSTAINED INVOLVEMENT IN THE CONGO WILL SOLVE. Thacker 3 (Paul D, Journal of American Medical Association, “An Ebola Epidemic Simmers in Africa,” http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/290/3/317?ijkey=a88b12f7cc4d8174af0577cc5d06c3bb031e10cd&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha) The slow trickle of information… of this hitting a populated area."

Plan: The United States federal government should provide all necessary support for the prevention of viral hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of Congo through Disease Research, Surveillance, Isolation, and Containment centers, epidemiological early warming systems, outbreak assistance, and level four Biosafety Laboratories.

Advantage ___ is Disease – Ebola is one of the deadliest diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa – it has a 90% mortality rate, outbreaks are increasing, and it will go global due to air travel and tourism News-Medical 4/1/08 (http://www.news-medical.net/?id=36846) The deadly Ebola virus is in the news… protective vaccine is desperately needed

Ebola will mutate and spread, making it a global killer – more surveillance and monitoring is crucial Fox 97 (C. William, MD, Commander of Bayne-Jones Army Hospital, Command Surgeon of the Joint Readiness Training Center “Military Medical Operations in Sub-Saharan Africa,” June 24, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB202.pdf) Ebola-Zaire virus, first discovered… containment of further outbreaks.

And Ebola outweighs deliberate WMD use Fox 97 (C. William, MD, Commander of Bayne-Jones Army Hospital, Command Surgeon of the Joint Readiness Training Center “Military Medical Operations in Sub-Saharan Africa,” June 24, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB202.pdf) viruses such as Ebola-Zaire are merely… weapons of mass destruction.

Unchecked Ebola outbreaks in large cities are likely and will cause extinction South China Morning Post 96 (1-4 Avi, quoting Dr. Ben-Abraham, called "one of the 100 greatest minds in history" by Mensa "Leading the way to a cure for AIDS," P. Lexis) place of natural and man-made disasters… survival of the human race," he said.

And, Ebola outbreaks will cause preemptive nuke lashout, triggering war – greater information solves Trade and Environmental Database 97 http://www.american.edu/TED/ebola.htm The airlines have decided… taken to deal with it.

Advantage ____ is the Ecosystem – Ebola is eviscerating gorilla populations in the Congo – 93% mortality rate and 25% are dead, outbreak trends ensure extinction AFROL NEWS 6. [DEC 8 “EBOLA OUTBREAK KILLED 5000 GORILLAS” http://www.afrol.com/articles/23218] In and around the giant Lossi Sanctuary… protected areas in the region.

Congo has 80% of the world’s gorillas – losing them devastates biodiversity, which is on the brink – only research and investment solves National Geographic 3 (Sean Markey, April 7, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/pf/95053473.html) For more than a year, conservationists… their extinction from Africa

Preventing gorilla extinction in Congo is key to preventing ecosystem collapse BROOKS 2 [Thomas M., et al, Director of Biodiversity Analysis in Cons Biol, CABS, CI, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, 2002, Conservation Biology, Volume 16, No. 4, August, p. 920] a feature of the world's biodiversity… in the medium-term future

Loss of biodiversity causes extinction. Warner 94 (Paul, life sciences at American University, August 1994 (Politics and Life Sciences) p. 177) Massive extinction of species is dangerous… our collective future as the stakes.

And, Gorillas key to prevent deforestation. Live Science 4/18 (“Ebola Virus Threatens Gorilla With Extinction, 2008, http://www.foxnews.com/printer_friendly_story/0,3566,351632,00.html) "We're just concerned… if they're gone."

Congo’s forests are key to the health of the overall ecosystem – contains one fourth of the world’s tropical forests WWF 8 (World Wildlife Fund, http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/index.html) Deep in the heart of the African continent… building conservation partnerships

Ecosystem destruction causes extinction Norse 98 (Elliott, Ed. Global Marine Biological Diversity, Chief Scientist – Center for Marine Conservation, p. xvii-xix) global threats even more grave… different path to the same fate.

ADVANTAGE ___ IS RELATIONS -- CONGOLESE DEMOCRACY IS KEY TO STABILITY IN AFRICA AS A WHOLE –DEMOCRACY IS FRAGILE IN THE CONGO IN THE STATUS QUO. GARVELINK AND CARDIN 7. [JUNE 19, WILLIAM JOHN, TO BE AMBASSADOR TO THE DRC, BEJAMIN, DEMOCRATIC SENATOR FROM MARYLAND, FEDERAL NEWS SERVICE -- LEXIS] The Democratic Republic of Congo stands… stability of much of Africa.

AND US AID AND INVESTMENT IN THE DRC ARE KEY TO SUSTAINED RELATIONS --- US-CONGO RELATIONS ARE CRUCIAL TO CONGOLESE DEMOCRACY. STATE DEPARTMENT DOCUMENTS 8. [FEB 6 LEXIS] With the advent of democracy in 1991… investment in Congo.

DIAMOND

ALEXANDER

Contention Three is Solvency – BSL 4 labs are key to progress in containing Ebola outbreaks because of crucial tech and research BIOED ONLINE 8. [JAN 21ST, “’SAFE’ FORM OF EBOLA CREATED” http://www.bioedonline.org/news/news-print.cfm?art=3738] Current work on Ebola… at Harvard Medical School

BSL 4 labs are limited and expensive – only a few countries like the US have the resources – the neg has to prove their actor has them in order to solve plan BIOSCREENING INDUSTRY NEWS 8. [Feb 5 “Ebola Virus Disarmed by Excising a Single Gene” http://www.bioscreening.net/2008/02/05/ebola-virus-disarmed-by-excising-a-single-gene/] The deadly Ebola virus… dozen labs worldwide.

Long-term epidemiological surveillance and sustained outbreak response teams are crucial to preventing Ebola outbreaks and minimizing their impact – empirically proven Rouquet 4. [Pierre, the head of the Primate Center at CIRMF. Since 1995, he has been involved in hemorrhagic fever research, particularly Ebola. Emerging Infectious Diseases Feb 1 lexis] No effective medical treatment… human Ebola outbreaks.

Only the US through the CDC has a preliminary Ebola vaccine – more research and construction of BSL 4 labs are crucial to containing the disease PHARMA INVESTMENTS, VENTURES AND LAW 4-20. [08 LEXIS] Dr Anthony Sanchez, from the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia is presenting an overview of Ebola vaccine development today (Monday 31 March 2008) at the Society for General Microbiology's 162nd meeting being held this week at the Edinburgh International Conference Centre. "The biothreat posed by Ebola… such as HIV and avian influenza.

And the Congo only wants the CDC to help – empirically proven – your CP doesn’t solve Global Health 7 (HHS.gov, October 16, http://www.globalhealth.gov/news/news/100907.html) At the request of the… the scope of the Ebola outbreak.

BSL 4 labs are extremely difficult to create and are under stringent regulations – your CP is either A) impossible or B) massively delayed Hoyle 7 (Brian, Biocontainment Laboratories Forum, http://www.espionageinfo.com/Ba-Bl/Biocontainment-Laboratories.html) BSL-4 Laboratory. The BSL-4 facility is designed… operation in a BSL-4 laboratory

US surveillance is best – real time data, only body prepared to monitor zoonotic diseases globally – no other country or organization can solve, even the WHO Butler 6 (Declan, senior reporter at Nature; Nature magazine; http://www.nature.com.proxy2.cl.msu.edu:2047/nature/journal/v440/n7080/full/440006a.html) The 122-city programme run… funds for disease surveillance.

Groves BG – Affirmative – Air Force

Inherency –

A. AfriCom will go through, but it won’t include enough air power – they will have to go through lengthy operations to get more under current negotiations – more air power is necessary Air Force Times 11/27/07 (http://www.airforcetimes.com/news/2007/11/airforce_africom_071127/) The air arm of U.S. Africa Command… proposed at 155 airmen.

B. Modernization is key, but it’s hampered by budget cuts and drawdown USAF 6 (“Letter to Airmen recognizes Air Force transformation,” 8/24, http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123025662) We operate the oldest air… much to the country

Plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase all necessary support to the Air Force Medical Service which includes the International Health Specialists in topically designated areas.

Terrorism –

A. The US is losing the war on terror due to outdated methods that fuel more insurgency Hoffman 7 [bruce, Sr Fellow @ US Mil. Academy’s Combating Terrorism Center, Prof @ Gtown’s School of Foreign Service, Washington Post, 3/18/2007] our conventional military commanders… recruits to continue their fights against us.

B. Terror in Africa is uniquely probable – the US’s shortsightedness in the WoT has overlooked the underlying programs that fuel African terror cells Lyman 4 (Princeton N, Adjunct Senior Fellow for Africa Policy Studies at CFR, and J. Stephen Morrison, Director of CSIS Africa Program; Jan/Feb 04, “The Terrorist Threat in Africa,” Foreign Affairs, 00157120, Vol. 83, Issue 1, lexis) the Bush administration has designated the greater… security interests are to be advanced.

C. The US Air Force in Africa is crucial to winning the Global War on Terror – it provides unmatched mobility, deterrence, and worldwide reach Hobbins 7 (Gen. William T,, Commander, U.S. Air Forces in Europe, “U.S. Air Forces in Europe in the 21st Century,” Remarks given at the Air Force Defense Strategy Seminar, Washington, D.C., July 24, 2007, http://www.af.mil/library/speeches/speech.asp?id=338) U.S. Air Forces in Europe, and our NATO partners… assets in the USAFE theatre of operations.

D. Expanding the Air Force’s role in Africa builds sustainable partnerships that stabilizes regions, cutting off terrorist resources and preventing terror Hobbins 7 (Gen. William T,, Commander, U.S. Air Forces in Europe, “U.S. Air Forces in Europe in the 21st Century,” Remarks given at the Air Force Defense Strategy Seminar, Washington, D.C., July 24, 2007, http://www.af.mil/library/speeches/speech.asp?id=338) Africa continues to grow in strategic and economic importance… We've already taken the first steps.

E. Terrorists in Sub-Saharan Africa will use nuclear weapons against the US – nations already have the all means necessary Dempsey 6 (Thomas,, Director of African Studies @ U.S. Army War College and strategic intelligence analyst for Africa at the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and Chief of Africa Branch for the Defense Intelligence Agency, “Counterterrorism in African Failed States,” April, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub649.pdf) The threat that terrorist hubs based in failed states pose… will be a complex and difficult task.

F. A nuclear terrorist attack causes world war three and extinction Sid-Ahmed 4 [Mohamed, Managing Editor for Al-Ahali, Extinction! http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm] A nuclear attack by terrorists will be… we will all be losers.

Hegemony –

A. The US Air Force International Health Specialist program is key to US effective leadership, hegemony, and coordination through medical partnerships – only way to ensure global stability Ward et al 2 (Jane, Colonel Kerrie G. Lindberg, Major Daniel McNulty, Major Mona Ternus; former director and manager of the International Health Specialist Program, administrator of the Surgeon General’s Tactical Action Team, individual mobilization augmentee; http://www.airpower.au.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj02/fal02/phifal02.html) Now that the Cold War has ended… missions in their assigned region of expertise.

B. The Air Force Medical Service addresses changing military readiness challenges, increasing relations, and prevent war by promoting democracy and economic growth – prevents WMD acquisition and responds to disasters Carleton 1 (Paul K, Lieutenant General, USAF, MC, the Surgeon General, US Air Force, “Air Force: Service A Privilege, Pleasure,” January 2001, http://www.usmedicine.com/article.cfm?articleID=129&issueID=20) As the Cold War military scenarios fade… key to mission success

C. The US Air Force alone can provide fast and targeted response to disease threats and natural disasters in Africa – builds up relations and US credibility while strengthening African public health infrastructure DiPaolo et al 7 (Lt Col Marc C. Air Force reservist at the Defense Prisoner of War/Missing Personnel Office, and Col Lee dePalo (USAFA; MS, Webster University; MSS [Master of Strategic Studies], Air War College) director, Air Force Executive Review Secretariat, and Col Michael T. “Ghandi” Healy (USAFA; ME, North Carolina State University; MS, National War College) is chief of the Special Operations Support Team, and Lt Col Glenn “Hooter” Hecht (BS, University of Pittsburgh; MS, University of Phoenix) deputy director for personnel recovery policy, Defense Prisoner of War/Missing Personnel Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, Lt Col Mike “Trump” Trumpfheller Master of Military Operational Art and Science, Air Command and Staff College; MAAS [Master of Airpower Art and Science], School of Advanced Air and Space Studies), “A Rescue Force for the World,” Air and Space Power Journal, September 1, http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj07/fal07/dipaolo.html) the Air Force need to recognize those types… for human rights and civilian control of the military.

D. Deploying the Air Force in Africa for power projection is uniquely critical to all US hegemony – Africa is being overlooked in the SQ, preemptive engagement with African air power is key to sustain heg – basing is key Hall 3 (Brian K, Colonel, USAF, “Air Expeditionary Access The African Connection,” Air and Space Power Journal, 4 September, http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/fal03/hall.html#hall) Is the strategic access the United States… we need rapid global-mobility beddown.

E. Air Force readiness is key to ground force readiness – air power is the key internal to heg Popp 7 (Staff Sergeant, Francisca, “Keeping the “comm” up in Africa, Airman Quarterly, Spring Volume LI Number 2, http://www.af.mil/news/airman/0407/africa.shtml) The Airmen’s contributions to the mission… They also distribute food and water.

F. US global leadership prevents counterbalancing and great power wars and promotes peace, democracy, economic prosperity, and humanitarian intervention – no other can take the place of US primacy Thayer 6 (Bradley A., Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Minnesota, Duluth, The National Interest, November -December, “In Defense of Primacy”, lexis) in a world where American primacy… hope of solving the world's ills.

G. Power wars associated with the decrease of heg cause global nuke war and economic depression Ferguson 4 [Niall – professor of international history at Harvard University; "A World Without Power," http://www.hooverdigest.org/044/ferguson.html] If the United States retreats from its hegemonic… a not-so-new world disorder.

Disease –

A. Africa is at unique risk for disease spread and mutation due to poor public health infrastructure, causing vicious cycles of disease and poverty Cohen 7 (Gary, President of BD Medical, 1-5-07, http://www.bd.com/press/newsroom/pdfs/3_HC_Infrastructure.pdf) In the developed world, access to basic health services… private sectors toward this goal

B. Military medical personnel are on the brink – expanding the Air Force Medical Service is the best way to respond to disease and stop the spread and mutation of numerous dangerous contagions McGee 2 (Marianne Kolbasuk, InformationWeek, February 4, http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=6500365) The key to arresting the spread of contagious diseases… overall boost to patient care

C. Mutation and spread of contagions causes extinction South China Morning Post 96 (quoting Dr. Ben-Abraham, called "one of the 100 greatest minds in history" by Mensa, 1-4-1996, Avi, “Leading the way to a cure for AIDS,” P. Lexis) There is a much more pressing medical crisis… the survival of the human race,"

Solvency –

A. US pilots are critical to winning the war on terror – technology isn’t enough – prefer our evidence, it’s comparative and from an expert in the air force. Liggins 7. [Daniel, Lt Col. US Air Force, Defense Dept. Documents and Publications, Feb 16 ln] If you're in today's Air Force… the continuing war on terrorism.

B. The Air Force’s International Health Specialist program creates sustainable partnerships by breaking down cultural and language barriers in Africa that motivate terrorism and national resentment Babin 5 (Chance, Tech. Sgt., 926th Fighter Wing public affairs office at Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base, 10/15, “Reservists provide humanitarian assistance in Chad,” http://www.citamn.afrc.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123014071) One of the biggest challenges the Reservists… extremely important to mission success.”

Space Add-On Cites A. IHS crucial to US win in an inevitable laser war with heightened scope for catastrophe Taylor 3 (George P, Lieutenant General, “AF Medical Service Keeps Pace With Change,” http://www.usmedicine.com/column.cfm?columnID=111&issueID=46)

Such developments are critical since the battle space has significantly changed… develop advanced techniques to maximize our performance on long duration missions.

Space wars cause extinction – weapon development sparks multiple scenarios for war Mitchell 1 (Gordon, Kevin Ayotte and David Cram Helwich, Associate Professor of Communication and Director of Debate at University of Pittsburgh, Teaching Fellows in the Department of Communications at University of Pittsburgh, ISIS Briefing on Ballistic Missile Defense #6, “Missile Defence: Trans-Atlantic Diplomacy at a Crossroads”, July, http://www.isisuk.demon.co.uk/0811/isis/uk/bmd/no6_paper.html)

A buildup of space weapons might begin with noble intentions of 'peace through strength' deterrence, but this rationale glosses over the tendency that '… the presence of space weapons… the most destructive military conflict ever seen

Pandemics Add-On Cites A. Air Force Medical Service is key to solving pandemics which cause economic collapse CARLTON 6 [ Lt Gen Paul K.., USAF, MC, CFS, surgeon general of the Air Force, Headquarters , functional manager of the USAF Medical Services , “NEW MILLENNIUM, NEW MIND SET: THE AIR FORCE MEDICAL SERVICE IN THE AIR EXPEDITIONARY ERA” AEROSPACE POWER JOURNAL, WINTER http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj01/win01/carlton.html]

The National Military Strategy of the United States… economic catastrophe and subsequent potential conflict.

B. Economic collapse causes global nuke war and destroys the biosphere Bearden 2K (T.E former LTC U.S. Army, Director of the Assoc. of Distinguished American Scientists, Fellow Emeritus @ Alpha Foundation’s Institute for Advanced Study, 6/24/,[ http://www.seaspower.com/EnergyCrisis-Bearden.htm]

History bears out that desperate nations… most of the biosphere

Bioterror Add-On Cites A. AFMS is at the forefront of measures against biowarfare – Biological Augmentation Team has empirically solved in response to the anthrax attacks – key to CDC effectiveness Taylor 3 (George P, Lieutenant General, “AF Medical Service Keeps Pace With Change,” http://www.usmedicine.com/column.cfm?columnID=111&issueID=46)

The Air Force Medical Service provides the full… his or her deployed forces.

B. US response to a bioterror attack is definite and will escalate to nuclear war – minimizing death toll is crucial to prevent Conley 3 (Lt Col Harry W. is chief of the Systems Analysis Branch, Directorate of Requirements, Headquarters Air Combat Command (ACC), Langley AFB, Virginia. Air & Space Power Journal - Spring 2003 -- http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/spr03/conley.html)

The number of American casualties… whatever promises had been made.”

Air Force - Bush Good 2AC Air force popular in Congress – F22 fight proves NYT 6 (“Air Force wins Jet Battle in Congress,” October 21, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/28/business/28plane.html?n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/Organizations/S/Senate) The F-22 Raptor fighter jet...is an engineering marvel

The Air Force lobby and the Iron Triangle like the plan – they outweigh Bush’s PC for the agenda NYT 6 (“Air Force wins Jet Battle in Congress,” October 21, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/28/business/28plane.html?n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/Organizations/S/Senate) “The F-22 lobby is an extraordinary ...sent to conference committee.

Plan popular – Bush likes Air Force funding, he’s already said he won’t veto it Aviation Week 12/12 (“Hill Authorizing More C-17s,” http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/HILL121207.xml&headline=Hill%20Authorizing%20More%20C-17s,%20But%20Seeks%20Airlift%20Answers) "Almost half of the total amount ...supporters in the Senate

Expanding the Air Force’s reach overseas popular in Congress – empirically proven NYT 6 (“Air Force wins Jet Battle in Congress,” October 21, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/28/business/28plane.html?n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/Organizations/S/Senate) The Air Force is still chipping away...costs of the F-22 program.

Groves BG – Affirmative – Disease Surveillance

The United States federal government should provide all necessary support to Disease Research, Surveillance, Isolation, and Containment Centers, epidemiological early warning systems, and outbreak assistance in east, west, central, and southern Africa.

A. Current disease surveillance is limited and underfunded in Africa – this risks a new global outbreak of avian flu Chisamera 12/17/07 (Dee, [|http://www.efluxmedia.com/news_Epidemiologists_on_Alert_Bird_Flu_Strikes_Africa_11911.html)] (WHO) announced on Monday that bird flu… health response is surveillance.

B. Due to insufficient disease surveillance, avian flu in SSA will mutate into a ravaging pandemic – your evidence about no mutations is biased by a lack of detection and reporting, not an absence of infection Salaam-Blyther 6 [Tiaji, Coordinator Congressional Research Service, U.S. and International Responses to the Global Spread of Avian Flu: Issues for Congress, 1/9, http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/59025.pdf]

Global Disease Surveillance A number of analysts have argued that due to insufficient investment in disease surveillance and health care… or reassortment into a strain that could be transmitted to and between humans.”

C. An avian flu pandemic is inevitable – human-to-human bird flu mutations could happen at any time and wipe out hundreds of millions of people, up to 20% of all humankind. Chandra 4 [Satish, Deputy National Security Advisor of India – Center for Strategic Decision Research, Global Security: A broader Concept for the 21st Century, 5/7, http://www.csdr.org/2004book/chandra.htm]

If the possibility of the collapse of the thermohaline circulation system is alarming, the possibility of a human-to-human transmittable bird flu pandemic is a nightmare… the death toll could run into hundreds of millions.

D. A study in October found a mutation that proves bird flu will become a pandemic – where it resides in the human respiratory tract has changed, supercharging spread – we have to prepare now Laurance 10/6 (Jeremy, Health Editor, 2007, [|http://news.independent.co.uk/health/article3033350.ece)] The bird flu virus H5N1 has mutated into a form that makes it more infectious to humans, increasing… There were three pandemics in the last century – in 1918, 1957 and 1968 – and more are expected. said.

E. Prefer our impacts – bird flu has a higher probability than any other threat, even a WMD attack Zakaria 5 [Fareed, editor of Newsweek International, “A threat worse than terror,” p. 46]

A flu pandemic is the most dangerous threat the United States faces today,"… we are badly unprepared for this threat.

F. Sub-Saharan Africa is uniquely crucial to monitor disease outbreaks like avian flu – the CDC’s expertise is necessary in order to bolster the global disease eradication effort GAO 1 [United States General Accounting Office, “Challenges in Improving Infectious Disease Surveillance Systems,” August]

Weaknesses in developing country systems reduce the ability of public health authorities… CDC’s investigative expertise, including laboratory support, is comparatively rare in the rest of the world.

G. Surveillance is key to detect and prevent disease escalation – gives the US and allies vital intelligence Jacobson 95 [Louis, associate editor at National Journal, “Disease Detectives,” National Journal, Government Executive, Section: Health, May, Lexis]

The U.S. governments disease-fighting forces have had some notable successes in the past, but they may lack the resources to combat the enemy's increasing strength…. creating a functioning whole would be challenging. But weaknesses abound.

Bioterror –

A. Sub-Saharan Africa is a hotspot for biological terrorism – these diseases are endemic and can be easily harvested as WMDs – this is a global threat and needs a disease surveillance system to prevent it Njuguna 5 [James Thuo, completing his PhD in medical parasitology at the University of Bonn, International Livestock Research Institute in Nairobi, African Security Review Vol 14 No 1, http://www.iss.co.za/index.php?link_id=3&slink_id=1967&link_type=12&slink_type=12&tmpl_id=3] Acts of biological terrorism could therefore have political, religious, ideological or criminal motives and… for zoonotic disease control and such a team can be schooled to monitor biological weapons as well

B. A biological terror attack on the continent is highly likely – it is perceived as strategic and is cheaper Bornie and Loye 5 [John, UN Institute for Disarmament Affairs in Geneva, and Dominique, Deputy Head of the Mines-Arms Unit of the International Committee of the Red Cross in Geneva, “Why Preventing Hostile Use of the Life Sciences is Relevant to Africa,” African Security Review, Vol 14, No 1] It is worth bearing in mind that African countries could be considered attractive targets for attack precisely because… the use of biological weapons is increasingly likely, as they are becoming cheaper and easier to develop.

C. Bioweapons cause human extinction – the risk is greater than nuclear war or any other WMD Ochs 2 [Richard, Freelance Journalist, “Biological Weapons must be Abolished Immediately,” June 9, http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html]

Of all the weapons of mass destruction, the genetically engineered biological weapons, many without a known cure or… HUMAN EXTINCTION IS NOW POSSIBLE.

D. Qualified authors prove that despite Technical difficulties and past failures, intense efforts by terrorists make a Bioterrorist Attack inevitable – There is motive, expertise and supply Clare Lopez, 2005 (Clare Lopez is/was: 1. Operations officer with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), serving domestically and abroad for 20 years in a variety of assignments, acquiring extensive expertise in counterintelligence, counternarcotics, and counterproliferation issues with a career regional focus on the former Soviet Union, Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkans. 2. Produced Technical Threat Assessments for U.S. Embassies at the Department of State, Bureau of Diplomatic Security, where she worked as a Senior Intelligence Analyst for Chugach Systems Integration 3. A strategic policy and intelligence expert with a focus on Middle East, homeland security, national defense, and counterterrorism issues at the intelligence summit 4. Executive Director of the Iran Policy Committee, a Washington, DC think tank, from 2005-2006 5. Senior Scientific Researcher at the Battelle Memorial Institute; a Senior Intelligence Analyst, Subject Matter Expert, and Program Manager at HawkEye Systems, LLC.; “Defending the Homeland Against Bioweapons in the Hands of Terrorists”, Journal of Counterterrorism & Homeland Security International)

There are considerable technical difficulties… fanatical enemies determined to "achieve" this.

E. US response to a bioterror attack is definite and will escalate to nuclear war – minimizing death toll is crucial to prevent Conley 3 (Lt Col Harry W. is chief of the Systems Analysis Branch, Directorate of Requirements, Headquarters Air Combat Command (ACC), Langley AFB, Virginia. Air & Space Power Journal - Spring 2003 -- [|http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/spr03/conley.html)]

The number of American casualties suffered due to a WMD attack may… nuclear retaliation would be more than just a possibility, whatever promises had been made.”

F. Disease surveillance is essential to the prevention and containment of bioterror outbreaks—local health workers alone lack necessary skills Njuguna 5 [James Thuo, completing his PhD in medical parasitology at the University of Bonn, International Livestock Research Institute in Nairobi, African Security Review Vol 14 No 1, http://www.iss.co.za/index.php?link_id=3&slink_id=1967&link_type=12&slink_type=12&tmpl_id=3] Early detection of a biological agent attack or a natural outbreak depends on epidemiological warning networks… The ministry of health is usually under pressure to do its best, a task made more difficult by the lack of resources in many -developing countries.

G. US leadership solves best – training of US personnel on African soil prevents a bioterrorist attack in the US and creates effective response systems Smolinski et al 3 [Mark, Director of the Global Health and Security Initiative at Nuclear Threat Initiative, Former Senior Program Officer at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academics of Science and Epidemic Intelligence Officer for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Margaret A. Hamburg, Vice President for Biological Programs at Nuclear Threat Initiative; & Joshua Lederberg, directs the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Informatics at The Rockefeller University; Editors, Board on Global Health at the institute of the National Academics, Microbial threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response, 3-18-2003, http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10636.html] surveillance of and response to emerging infectious disease threats in other parts of the world can directly benefit the United States… and to expose health professions students to career paths in infectious disease prevention and control.

Malaria –

A. Current surveillance systems are inadequate in monitoring climate change data, necessary to prevent malaria outbreaks Corvalán 3 (et al, C.F. -- World Health Organization – Climate Change and Human Health – Chapter 13 – “Conclusions and recommendations for action” [|http://www.who.int/globalchange/publications/climatechangechap13.pdf)]

Climate change is likely to cause incremental changes in the frequency or distribution of diseases… long-term surveillance should encompass variables that may confound observed associations between climatic changes and disease incidence.

B. Malaria kills 3000 African children a day and is wildly transmittable, but is easily preventable – we must take action to stop this devastating crisis. Judd 7 [April 24, Ashley, Special to CNN, board member of Population Services International, and a global ambassador for its Five & Alive initiative http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/africa/04/23/judd.commentary/index.html]

In the time it takes you to read this article, four African children will die from malaria. …. We could end this devastation today.

C. Malaria is the leading cause of mortality, dooms African economic development and investment, and causes African instability The Monitor 7 (All Africa, [|http://allafrica.com/stories/200705080985.html)]

malaria was only known as the leading killer disease in… When this mainstay of the economy suffers, the very fabric of the country is threatened.

D. African instability escalates to nuke war through global proxy wars Deutsch 2 (Jeffrey, PhD and political risk consultant and Founder, Rabid Tiger Project, 11/18, [|http://www.rabidtigers.com/rtn/newsletterv2n9.html)]

a nuclear war is most likely to start in Africa… But an African nuclear strike can ignite a much broader conflagration

E. Disease surveillance will stop the spread of malaria by incorporating all factors of transmission, thereby reinvigorating economic development and preventing global spread Rogers 2 [David J., University of Oxford, “Satellite imagery in the study and forecast of malaria,” Nature, Volume 415(6872), February, OVID] Satellite sensor data promise the development of early-warning systems…, will require models that incorporate both intrinsic and extrinsic factors.

Solvency –

A. US expertise, disease surveillance tools, laboratory capacity, and communications channels can improve the ability to recognize and contain emerging threats Blount 7 [Stephen B., MD, MPH, Director – Office for Global Health, 5/2, http://www.hhs.gov/asl/testify/2007/05/t20070502a.html]

the US and the rest of the world are facing a very real threat posed by the highly pathogenic H5N1… and communication channels so we can respond effectively.

B. US surveillance is best – only it can provide vital real-time data, and the only body prepared to monitor zoonotic diseases globally – no other country or international organization can solve, even WHO Butler 6 (Declan, senior reporter at Nature; Nature magazine; [|http://www.nature.com.proxy2.cl.msu.edu:2047/nature/journal/v440/n7080/full/440006a.html)]

The 122-city programme run by the US… the FAO and OIE do not have the funds for disease surveillance.

C. DRSICC’s in east, west, central, and southern Africa solve and are the best way to check a deadly pathogen in the US. Fox 98 (C. WILLIAM, M.D., Commander of Bayne-Jones Army Hospital, Command Surgeon of the Joint Readiness Training Center -- Parameters, Winter 1997-98, pp. 121-36. -- [|http://carlislewww.army.mil/usawc/parameters/97winter/fox.htm)] Disease Research, Surveillance, Isolation, and Containment Centers… prepared US forces will be deployed into the next African humanitarian disaster.

D. Disease surveillance is the antithesis of the biopolitical – it reinterprets the formation of the population, breaks down the status of sickness and the clinical gaze, and redeploys Foucaultian methods in order to recognize, not discipline, the unpredictable Fearnley 5 (Anthropology of the Contemporary Research Collaboratory; From Chaos to Controlled Disorder, March 25, http://anthropos lab.net/wp/publications/2007/01/fearn_chaos_to_disorder.pdf)

Put generally, disease surveillance informs about and intervenes in epidemics… only attempts to ensure its recognition.

E. [insert aid high now card – changes every week]

Heg Add-On Cites A. US involvement in disease surveillance in Africa establishes US leadership Benatar and Fox 5 – Professor of Medicine and Bioethics @ University of Cape Town and Professor of Sociology and Bioethics @ University of Pennsylvania [Solomon R. Benatar and Renée C. Fox, “Meeting Threats to Global Health: A call for American leadership,” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 48.3 (2005) 344-361//Project Muse]

America's best interests to go beyond merely expressing concern about global health. It should set the example… competence to understand these problems.

B. US leadership prevents global nuke war Khalilzad 95 (Zalmay, [director of the Strategy and Doctrine Program @ RAND & former US Ambassador to Afghanistan] "Losing the Moment? The United States and the World After the Cold War," Washington Quarterly, Spring, p. proquest) a world in which the United States… multipolar balance of power system.

Econ Add-On Cites A. Bird flu shatters the US and global economy and trade Branswell 5 (Helen, Staff, CBC, Canadian Press Newswire, 8-16, Lexis) the potential global impact of an influenza pandemic… millions would die.

B. Economic decline causes nuclear war and destroys the biosphere Bearden 2K (T.E former LTC U.S. Army, Director of the Assoc. of Distinguished American Scientists, Fellow Emeritus @ Alpha Foundation’s Institute for Advanced Study, 6/24/,[ http://www.seaspower.com/EnergyCrisis-Bearden.htm] History bears out that desperate nations take… most of the biosphere,

Space Add-On Cites A. Disease surveillance gives the US a peaceful way to build up its space power Michael Krepon, Theresa Hitchens, and Michael Katz-Hyman, Stimson Center Report No. 66, “Preserving Freedom Of Action In Space: Realizing The Potential And Limits Of U.S. Spacepower,” May 2007, http://www.stimson.org/space/pdf/SpacePower-051007.pdf Our working definition of spacepower is the sum total…disaster relief; and providing early warning of consequential events.

B. US build up of space power is key to US heg in space S. W. Doescher, U. S. Geological Survey, R. Ristyb, and R.H. Sunne, Science Applications International Corporation, “Use of Commercial Remote Sensing Satellite Data In Support Of Emergency Response,” 2005, http://www.commission4.isprs.org/workshop_hangzhou/papers/121-124%20S_Doescher-A079.pdf Vital national security, foreign policy, economic, and civil interests… collecting information from space.

C. US heg in space precludes the rise of another hostile power and preserves peace Everett Dolman, School of Advanced Airpower Studies, “Space Power and US Hegemony: Maintaining a Liberal World Order in the 21st Century,” [|http://www.gwu.edu/~spi/spaceforum/Dolmanpaper%5B1%5D.pdf], 2002 The goals here are to establish the most beneficial…dangerous enemy from taking it

Food Security Add-On Cites A. Zoonotic diseases destroy food security – producers can’t sell their food due to perception of sickness and trade is stricter, so less food is exchanged Joseph Domenech et al 6, Food and Agriculture Organization, 2006 [“Regional and International Approaches on Prevention and Control of Animal Transboundary and Emerging Diseases,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1081 (1), 90–107, October, Blackwell-Synergy] For all livestock producers, the threat of TADs… commodities, and products of animal origin.

B. Food insecurity disrupts the economy, causes war, and makes human destruction possible Winnail 96, Ph.D., M.P.H, 1996 [“From The World Ahead,” September-October, http://www.kurtsaxon.com/foods004.htm] "No other economic indicator is more politically sensitive… is also without historical precedent!

Disease Surveillance Bush Good 2AC Efforts to combat the bird flu re-invigorate Bush’s stalled agenda. Bash 5 (DANA BASH, CNN WHITE HOUSE CORRESPONDENT, CNN – Nov 1st – lexis) BASH: One Bush adviser tells CNN the president is disappointed in his staff… plan to fight the bird flu pandemic.

International Surveillance uniquely popular – Congress wants Bush to focus more on global efforts. Porter 5 (Charlene Porter, Washington File Staff Writer -- State Department Documents and Publications -- December 8, 2005 – lexis) Bipartisan support is emerging in… minimum, double this amount."

Not intrinsic – it’s within the agential ambit to do plan and [_] – best model for policymaking, more real-world and better education on the functionality of plan

Plan won’t be perceived – political capital won’t spill over from the plan to another issue, fiat means it goes through without a fight

Fiat means plan is at the bottom of the docket – your politics DA will go through before plan can affect it

A. The public supports spending on disease prevention and bioterrorism defense PR Newswire 2-5-07 (“Cuts Proposed in the President's Budget to Disease Prevention and Bioterrorism Preparedness Programs Jeopardize the Health of Americans, TFAH Warns,” l/n) "The increased funding for pandemic flu preparedness … than current spending levels.

B. The public is key to the agenda – popularity key Roberts 4 Political Science BA, University of New Mexico, 11/9, [Dane, “Democrats need sharp vision,” Daily Lobo, via University Wire] "Political capital" might be… decrease, his political capital.

A. Obama & Clinton strongly support the plan St. Louis Post-Dispatch 5 (Missouri -- November 6, 2005 – lexis) Growing up in Jakarta, Indonesia, Obama… response to an inevitable threat.

B. They are key to the agenda The Australian 7 (Australia -- February 13, 2007 – lexis) the Democratic Party… policy in Washington.

A. Bush wants more funding for bird flu preparedness – plan is a win Brewin 12/19/07 ([|http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/1207/121907bb1.htm)] The fiscal 2008 Consolidated Appropriations Act… real-time disease surveillance

B. Winners win – Bush’s agenda will be boosted Ornstein 1 (American Enterprise Institute 9/10/01, Norman, Roll Call “Congress Inside Out”) In a system where a President… lose more often than not.

Disease Surveillance Bush Bad 2AC Plan unpopular – Congress wants money for local disease response, nothing else – they’re already pissed Brewin 5 (Bob, “Bush calls for $7.1B to prepare for bird flu,” [|http://www.govhealthit.com/article91280-11-01-05-Web)] the president’s call for an… crucial areas of daily life.”

CDC spending is unpopular—recent budget cuts because of inefficiencies prove Matus 7 (Kate, “Ryan Wins Overwhelming Bipartisan Support to Stop Wasteful CDC Spending: House Approves Amendment to Prevent Squandering Funds on Luxuries and Unnecessary Programs,” July [|http://www.house.gov/ryan/press_releases/2007pressreleases/71907CDC.htm)] The House of Representatives approved ...from its core mission

Disease surveillance is used to criticize the administration, pissing off Republicans and creating partisan bickering that kills the agenda UPI 5 (Todd Zwillich, “Democrats back bird flu spending boost,” Lexis) Senate Democrats proposed $8 billion ...conference with the House

Bush is cutting back on the CDC budget—the plan would be a flip flop PR Newswire 7 2-5-07 (“Cuts Proposed in the President's Budget to Disease Prevention and Bioterrorism Preparedness Programs Jeopardize the Health of Americans, TFAH Warns,” l/n) cuts proposed in the Administration's ...preparedness funding level in FY 2005.

Plan would hurt Bush- it would look his Avian Preparedness plan has been circumvented CNN Health News 5 (“Bush unveils $7.1 billion plan to prepare for flu pandemic”) The administration's plan provides funding ...antiviral drugs -- such as Tamiflu