Pace+Academy+AL+-+Jennifer+Armstrong+&+Peyton+Lee+neg

Negative Round 1 vs. GBN
Consult NATO Reps Iraq Dip Cap Oil (Russia) DA

Pace AL – Negative

African Reps K Africa is a proxy- our subconscious colonial assumptions and fears are emptied into the Dark Continent. These representations create our policy making reality by establishing a discriminatory schema WALLACE, PHD STUDENT – ANTHROPOLOGY – OXFORD, 5 [JAMIE, “AMERICAN PERCEPTIONS OF AFRICA BASED ON MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS”, http://www.hollerafrica.com/showArticle.php?artId=101&catId=1] When we think of Africa, images of famine, poverty,……………… political power distribution in the world (Ebo 1992:17).

Affirmative representations of Africa promote racist stereotypes that are a crucial cause of genocide SANKORE, EDITOR – INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF JOURNALISTS – AFRICA AND COORDINATOR – FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND ASSOCIATED RIGHTS IN AFRICA, 5 [ROTIMI, “The Pitfalls and Consequences of Development 'Pornography'”, http://www.bond.org.uk/networker/2005/april05/opinion.htm] Increasingly graphic depictions of poverty projected……………………… allow their people to freely define their future.

Our framework is that representations of Africa should be evaluated prior to policy desirability. The role of your ballot should be to act as a responsible educator. Images are intimately tied to policy making- in order to create a better Africa policy we must first interrogate the 1AC’s representations Azzedine Layachi, The United States and North Africa: A Cognitive Approach to Foreign Policy, 1990 p. 181-3 In the area of foreign policy study, this research……………. enhanced predictive capacity. 8 Pos Peace K The affirmative represents peace as an absence of war, endorsing a worldview that manages outbreaks of violence from flashpoint to flashpoint. But this only a negative peace which perpetuates the vicious cycle of violence and militarism that has been endemic to the last century; in contrast, positive peace recognizes mutual relations of non-violence which breaks the deadlock of militarism by creating the possibility of structural change. Ha Poong Kim** Philosophy Department, Eastern Illinois University, USA Bulletin of Peace Proposals, Vol. 18, No. 1, 1987 Peace denotes a nonwarring condition………….. it is a relation humanity is fully capable of. Focus on war as an isolated event produces a politics of crises control that attempts to manage outbreaks of violence from flashpoint to flashpoint. This mode of being reproduces militarism and perpetuates the structural violence of “peacetime militarism” Chris Cuomo. Ph.D., 1992, University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Philosophy University of Cincinnati Hypatia Fall 1996.Vol.11, Iss. 4; pg. 30 In "Gender and `Postmodern' War," Robin Schott introduces…………… appears to be the inevitability of war and militarism. Structural violence kills more than any war- our impact outweighs Dr. Robert C. Gilman, Ph.D. President of Context Institute Founding Editor of IN CONTEXT, A Quarterly of Humane Sustainable Culture One of the articles in The Foundations Of Peace (IC#4) Autumn 1983, Page 8 http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:p_T2jwNn8g4J:www.context.org/ICLIB/IC04/Gilman1.htm+nuclear+war+%22structural+violence%22&hl=en THE HUMAN TENDENCY toward, and preparations for………… suffering it supports, it is by far our most serious flaw. The representations of the 1AC inculcate a norm of negative peace, we should work to foster a more pacific discourse that promotes positive peace and social justice. It’s not what they do it’s what they justify- vote negative to reject the affirmatives description of peace as the absence of war William C Gay. Ph.D. in Philosophy from Boston College, Prof. UNC, Peace Review, Dec 1998.Vol.10, Iss. 4; pg. 545-8 Many times the first step in reducing……………. whereby we overcome linguistic violence and social injustice.

Representation must be evaluated prior to questions of policy Doty, assistant professor of political science at arizona state university, 1996 [roxanne lynn, imperial encounters, p. 5-6] This study begins with the premise that representation is ………………. the exercise of political, military, and economic power.

NATO Text: The United States Federal Government should propose that it should…. … to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization for binding consultation. The United States Federal Government should support its proposal during consultation. The United States Federal Government should abide by the results of this consultation. We’ll clarify. The counterplan is theoretically legitimate – It’s not topical – the counterplan tests the word “resolved” which means “to make a firm decision about,” it also test the word “should” which is “used to imply obligation or duty” – counterplans that test the resolution are key to predictable negative ground. [American Heritage Dictionary at dictionary.com] Consultation counterplans are legitimate – conditioning the plan is the only way to preserve the option of solving the case which checks unpredictable 2ac add-ons and plan clarifications. This risk is compounded by the aff monopoly on pre-round prep and structural advantages in late developing debates. The net benefit is NATO Cohesion – NATO is in the midst of a transitional period, failure to consult genuinely before foreign policy decisions will undermine the alliance Philip Gordon, Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution, June 24th, 2004 LETTER TO EUROPE, http://www.brookings.edu/views/articles/gordon/20040701.pdf. DEAR FRIENDS. How did it come to this? ……………. exempts us from obligations to the global community Consultation with NATO over African policy is key to redefine the alliance for survival in the 21st century – former commander James Jones agrees Paul Ames, Associated Press Writer, 12-17-2005 “Top NATO commander urges growing role………………… having to rush to hotspots when they erupt. Collapse of NATO causes superpower nuclear war John O'Sullivan, editor of the National Review and founder of the New Atlantic, 6-1998 [American Spectator] Some of those ideas--notably, dissolution………….. absence of the main guarantor of European stability.

Dip cap Rice’s involvement is moving the political reconciliation forward. She is pushing the prime minister to make progress on the other reconciliation benchmarks Hendawi 1/15/08 [HAMZA HENDAWI, “Rice Lauds Iraqi Reconciliation Efforts,” Associated Press, Jan 15, 2008, pg. http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5gkx-3oYeFwuWKCusr2jrojs98w8wD8U6EPLG3 Rice left Riyadh, the Saudi capital………………. oil and gas resources among the different sects.

Anderson & Grewell 01 - Senior fellow @ Hoover Institution & Research associate @ Political Economy Research Center [Terry L. Anderson and J. Bishop Grewell, “It Isn't Easy Being Green: Environmental Policy Implications for Foreign Policy, International Law, and Sovereignty,” Chicago Journal of International Law, Fall 2001, 2 Chi. J. Int'l L. 427] Foreign policy is a bag of goods………………. resources, and ensuring access to foreign economies." n40

Aid to Africa spends capital Sen FeinGold 3-28-06 We have long recognized the importance of Nigerian leadership………………….. before the Special Court to answer to the charges against him.

Intensive engagement is key to consolidate political gains. The alternative is an Iraqi slide into all-out civil war Yates 1/24/08 [Dean Yates “INTERVIEW-U.S. envoy sees Iraq momentum on reconciliation,” 24 January 2008, 2:50:06 PM GMT, pg. Factiva] BAGHDAD, Jan 24 (Reuters) - Reconciliation between Iraq's divided………… and job creation," he said. (Editing by Ibon Villelabeitia)

Success is key to successful US global engagement Cordesman 07 – Military analyst and Iraq expert @ Center For Strategic And International Studies w/ 30 years experiece covering Iraq [Anthony Cordesman, “The Tenuous Case for Strategic Patience in Iraq: A Trip Report,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, Updated: August 6, 2007] America's performance in Iraq has………………………. even more than on what it has done in the past. Pg. 3-4 //1NC

The impact is global wars Kagan 07 – Senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace [Robert Kagan (Senior transatlantic fellow at the German Marshall Fund), “End of Dreams, Return of History,” Policy Review, August & September 2007, pg. http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/8552512.html] It is easy but also dangerous to underestimate………………… influence and global involvement will provide an easier path.// 1nc

Spending Unique link-Bush fighting spending and will win- plan KO’s his plans National Review 10-22-07 With a resolute President Bush vowing to veto nine of the twelve appropriations bills making their way through Congress, the White House eagerly anticipates a spending showdown that will unite and enthuse its dispirited supporters. The bloated bills exceed the FOREIGN ASSISTANCE IS UNAFFORDABLE -- CRACKS THE BUDGET Susan Rice, Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institute, “Africa’s Strategic Importance to the US” Speech at Reed College, 3-20-2006 ([|http://www.aspr.ac.at/sak/SusanRice.pdf)] Discerning~and~disaggregating~this~dangerous~dynamic~is~essential~to~ grasping~the~national~security~rationale~for~far~greater~U.S.~action~to~reduce~ THIS SHOCKS THE ECONOMY Patrice Hill, Washington Times, 4-23-2007 Congress will have to steer carefully to avoid a shock to the economy as it strives to balance the budget by allowing tax cuts to expire in the next few years,

NUKE WAR Richard C. Cook, 6/14/07, Writer, Consultant, and Retired Federal Analyst – U.S. Treasury Department, "It's Official: The Crash of the U.S. Economy has begun," Global Research, http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=5964 Times of economic crisis produce international tension and politicians tend to go to war rather than face the economic music Here are some more cards, though we may need to add a line into the CP about tax credits- basically they just say private better

Panama FTA Increasing health assistance to Africa expends political capital Terry Carroll, Colonel US Army, 2001, "Engagement or Marriage: The Case for an Expanded Military Medical Role in Africa," http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA390489, p. 7-8 Remarkably, at a time of prosperity……….particularly with regard to Africa.

PC Key to trade deals Thomas McLarty, former Chief of Staff to President William J. Clinton 5-10-07 http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=events.print&event_id=74155&stoplayout=true Thomas McLarty, former Chief of Staff to……………… prosperity is clearly linked to effective trade.” The FTA is key to- US Farming, economic growth, reducing poverty, promoting democracy, US leadership in Latin America, influence over the panama canal, and protecting the environment US Fed News 9-12-05 The White House's Office of the U.S. Trade……………… overall growth and development of their nation.

Economic decline leads to nuclear war Richard C. Cook, 6/14/07, Writer, Consultant, and Retired Federal Analyst – U.S. Treasury Department, "It's Official: The Crash of the U.S. Economy has begun," Global Research, [ http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=5964 ]http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=5964 Times of economic crisis produce international……………… debt any more, how about a few nukes?

Wiretapping Politics Uniqueness and link dependent upon the round Permanent warrantless wiretapping leaves the U.S. vulnerable to cyber attacks Susan Landau, Distinguished Engineer at Sun Microsystems Laboratories, 8-9-07, The Washington Post Current administration policy is replete with……… endangers U.S. national security for the long term. Cyber attacks cause accidental nuclear war Stephen Cimbala, professor of political science at the Pennsylvania State University Delaware County Campus, Summer 1999, Armed Forces & Society: An Interdisciplinary Journal The nuclear shadow over the information…………. infowarriors and deterrers could have unfortunate byproducts. . Accidental launch causes global escalation and nuclear war PR Newswire, 4-29-98 An 'accidental' nuclear attack would create a …………….war with billions of casualties worldwide.,

Russia DA A. Uniq - Proposed US missile defense system has put the US and Russia on the brink of nuclear war

Russia & CIS Military Newswire, Oct 11, 2007, “U.S. should not forget Cuban missile crisis – expert”

The U.S. prospective deployment of a……….. tends to forget this lesson," he said. B. Link – 1. Russia will lash out at threats to their sphere of influence resulting in a drop in relations – proposed missile defense system proves ROBERT BURNS, Oct 12, 2007 Robert Burns has covered military and national security affairs for The Associated Press since 1990 “US-Russia Negotiations Marked by Chill” AP The spat over missile defense is particularly…………… could defeat U.S. missile defenses

2. Russian investment in Sub Saharan Africa has brought the continent back into their sphere of influence

Anna Smolchenko, March 2, 2006, “Russian Firms Urged to Invest in Third World” Moscow Times A World Bank agency on Wednesday……………. investment, he said, without elaborating.

C. Impact - Drop in US Russian relations would lead to nuclear exchange – the two countries have 25,000 nuclear weapons on a hair trigger, the results would be catastrophic Joseph Cirincione, Center for American Progress expert in nonproliferation, national security, international security, U.S. military, U.S. foreign policy Uri Leventer, July23, 2007, “Nuclear summer” Center for American Progress http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2007/07/nuclear_summer.html/print.html It’s summertime, and the nuclear ……………any further negotiated nuclear reductions.